Equine Infectious Neurologic Disease

Question 1

What are the 2 viral genotypes of EHV-1 and can they both cause neurologic disease?

Answer 1

D752: neurogenic
N752: wild type

both can cause neurologic disease

Question 2

what does viremia of EHV-1 result in?

Answer 2

viremia results in vasculitis and ischemic damage to the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

hallmark clinical sign of EHV-1

Answer 3

HINDLIMB WEAKNESS

Question 4

what is the definitive diagnosis of EHV-1?

Answer 4

PCR

Question 5

Treatment of EHV-1

Answer 5

Antivirals -> vancyclovir
Antivasculitis -> nsaids and steroids
Anticoagulant -> aspirin or heparin

IV fluids, sling, urinary catheter + TMS, PT

Question 6

Prevention of EHV-1

Answer 6

Good biosecurity, vaccinate every 6 months if high risk and give zinc supplements

Question 7

Equine Encephalomyelitis is spread by __ and __ and __ are not spread to humans horses while __ can be amplified and transmitted to humans and horses

Answer 7

Equine Encephalomyelitis is spread by mosquitoes and EEE and WEE are not spread to humans horses while VEE can be amplified and transmitted to humans and horses

Question 8

Clinical Signs of Equine Encephalitis

Answer 8

Up to 106 fever, circling, head pressing, hyperesthesia, seizures, obtundation, aggressive somnolence

Question 9

List the mortality of EEE, WEE and VEE

Answer 9

EEE: 75-100%
WEE: 20-50%
VEE: 40-80%

Question 10

Diagnosis of Equine Encephalomyelitis

Answer 10

IgM capture ELISA

Question 11

Treatment and Prevention of Equine Encephalomyelitis

Answer 11

Treatment: anti inflammatories and supportive care.

Prevention: mosquito control and vaccine schedules

Question 12

West Nile Virus is endemic to avian population and transmitted by __ with it most commonly manifesting in the __ and __

Answer 12

West Nile Virus is endemic to avian population and transmitted by mosquitoes with it most commonly manifesting in the summer and fall

Question 13

Clinical Signs of WNV

Answer 13

diffuse muscle fasciculations, change in mentation, fever, cranial nerve abnx, spinal ataxia, hypermetria

Question 14

Diagnosis of WNV

Answer 14

IgM capture ELISA or CSF with mononuclear pleocytosis

Question 15

WNV Treatment

Answer 15

supportive care, anti inflammatories, WNV plasma

Question 16

WNV Prognosis

Answer 16

30-40% may become recumbent, most recumbent horses fail to survive

Question 17

WNV Prevention

Answer 17

Vaccination, q6 months if high prevalence area

Question 18

3 types of rabies signs

Answer 18

1. cerebral/furious
2. brainstem/dumb
3. spinal/paralytic

Question 19

Bacterial Meningitis Etiology and Clinical Signs

Answer 19

Immunocompromised animals are a pre req for hematogenous spread and is caused by strep, actinobacillus, actinomyces or staph.

Clinical signs include fever, multifocal brainstems, seizures

Question 20

Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 20

Dx: CSF with mononuclear pleocytosis, increased protein, glucose < 50mg/dL, inflammatory leukogram

Tx: broad spectrum antimicrobials IV, NSAIDS, plasma, supportive care, seizure care

Question 21

Lyme Disease is spread by __ with __and cause a variety of clinical signs including neck/back pain, obtundation, fever, and __. It can be diagnosed with __ or POC __ and treated with __ or __.

Answer 21

Lyme Disease is spread by Ixodes scapularis with Borrellia Burgdorferi and cause a variety of clinical signs including neck/back pain, obtundation, fever, and uveitis. It can be diagnosed with lyme multiplex or POC ELISA and treated with oxytetracycline or minocycline.

Question 22

otitis media/interna causes head shaking, ear rubbing, discharge, __ +/-__ deficits. Diagnosis is by rads or CT and treatment is with __

Answer 22

otitis media/interna causes head shaking, ear rubbing, discharge, CN VII +/- CN VIII deficits. Diagnosis is by rads or CT and treatment is with long term antimicrobials