Equine ms Flashcards
What major groups can large animal diseases be classified into?
- Acute inury
- Chronic repetitive stress or trauma
- Degenerative joint disease
- Infection
- Iatrogenic
- Metabolic derangement
- Rarely immune-mediated disorders
- Very rarely neoplasia
T/F: Routine radiology is the standard for many orthopedic disorders
TRUE
What is radiology’s emphasis on?
Obtaining a correct diagnosis and following response of a therapy or treatment
The complexity of most equine joints require what 4 views?
- Lateromedial
- Dorsopalmar (plantar)
- DMPLO
- DLPMO
What view is this?
DLPMO
Which factors regarding radiology of an extremity in large animals are similar to small animals?
All of them!
(Safety, grid use, proper film/screen combos, holder equip, x-ray settings, etc.)
What should additionally be done when obtaining images of the distal extrimities in equines?
Remove the shoes, clean the lateral sulci and pack w/ a moldable material
What view is this?
DMPLO
What is the most commonly affected joint in horses with hindlimb lameness?
The tarsus
How can the lateral trochlear ridge be identified on radiographs?
By the large notch at its distal aspect
T/F: The medial trochlear ridge can have variable appearances
TRUE
What is the arrow pointing to?
Medial trochlear ridge
What is the arrow pointing to?
Lateral trochlear notch
T/F: Osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint is common, often unilateral
FALSE–it is common, but is often bilateral
Where is OCD located in the tarsocrural joint? What view is best for detection?
The cranial aspect of the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia–seen best on the DMPLO view
T/F: If a fragment is present (OCD), it can usually be seen on the lateromedial view
TRUE
What view is this?
Lateromedial
What view is this?
Dorsoplantar
What view is this?
DMPLO
What view is this?
DLPMO
What condition does this indicate?
Osteochondrosis (OCD)
T/F: The lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and the medial ridge (second most common) are also affected with osteochondrosis
FALSE–the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus is the second most common area for OCD
Where can fragments of the osteochondritis dessicans settle to in OCD?
Bottom of the joint
What is bone spavin?
Degenerative joint disease of the tarsus
What is the most common cause of lameness associated with the tarsus?
Bone spavin
Which joints are most frequently involved in bone spavin?
Distal intertasal and tarsometatarsal
What is the most common finding in bone spavin?
Periarticular osteophyte formation
What might advanced bone spavin have?
Subchondral bone lysis and narrowing of the joint space
What can bone spavin progress to?
Sclerosis and eventual ankylosis
T/F: The degree of changes in bone spavin does not often correlate well to clinical signs
TRUE
What does this indicate?
Degenerative joint disease
Disease?
Severe DJD
T/F: The distal radius forms from 2 ossification centers–the distal radial and ulnar epiphysis (closes at 9 mo)
TRUE
How many ossification centers can the accessory carpal bone have?
2–close between 5-7mo
What’s wrong with this carpus?
NOTHING–the arrow is pointing to an area that hasn’t fused yet
What is the arrow pointing to?
What view is this?
Arrow is pointing to the 1st carpal bone
DMPLO view
7 possible diseases of the carpus?
- Trauma
- Carpal fractures
- Chip
- Slab
- Osteochondrosis
- Physitis
- Angular limb deformities
- Septic arthritis
- Osteoarthrosis
What is wrong with this carpus?
Radial carpal bone chip fracture
Diagnosis?
Osteoarthrosis (severe)
Possible diseases of the metacarpal/-tarsal bones?
- Splints–periosteal reaction and possible synostosis of metacarpal/tarsal bones
- Bucked shins or metacarpal periostitis
- Sequestrum
- Trauma
What is used to examine the tendons when suspecting disease of the metacarpal/tarsal bones?
Ultrasound
Diagnosis?
Sequestrum
T/F: In the proximal phalanx there are many vascular channels that radiate from the solar margin centrally
FALSE–in the distal phalanx
Does the distal phalanx have a medullary cavity?
Nope
What is the crena marginis solearis?
A smooth rounded concavity of the distal phalanx solar margin (more prominent in hind limb)
What is wrong here?
NOTHING–this is normal
Possible diseases of the phalanges?
- Traumatic fractures
- Tendon injury, deformity, or contracture
- Infection
- Osteomyelitis
- Septic osteitis
- DJD
- Laminitis
- Pedal osteitis
- Side bone
- Keratoma (rare)
Diagnosis?
Club foot–palmar tendon deformity/contracture
What are the characteristics of a septic coffin joint?
- Increased synovial mass
- Marked lysis of adjacent bone
- Amorphous periosteal reaction
- Soft tissue swelling
- Subluxation
Is anything wrong with this?
Moderate laminitis and rotation
Diagnosis?
Severe laminitis, penetration of sole and rotation
What are the 4 surfaces of the navicular bone?
Proximal, distal, articular, and flexor
T/F: The articular surface of the navicular bone has a prominent central ridge–the central eminence
FALSE–the flexor surface has the central ridge
What do the extremities of the navicular bone look like?
Spindle shaped and blunted
The navicular bone has no more than ___ synovial invaginations (radiolucent) that are relatively triangular in shape
7
What separation on the navicular bone should be detected?
A clear cortical medullary separation
What is circled?
Navicular bone
4 diseases of the navicular bone?
- Navicular degeneration
- Fractures
- Navicular sepsis
- DJD
T/F: There is no universal agreement as to the clinical importance of all radiographic signs of navicular disease
TRUE
What are all these signs indicative of?
Navicular disease
What’s going on here?
Enthesophyte and navicular remodeling
List allllllll the problems
Severe remodeling, irreglar distal surface, multiple irregular synovial invaginations, mineralization of ligaments (enthesophyte) of the navicular bone
Diagnosis?
Navicular fracture
*Make sure line stops at navicular bone–could just be an artifact*
