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Equine Diseases > Equine Influenza Virus > Flashcards

Equine Influenza Virus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Equine Influenza Virus?

A

An acute, highly contagious, febrile respiratory disease.

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2
Q

What type of virus is EIV?

A

Orthomyxovirus A/Equi I and A/Equi II

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3
Q

EIA is __________ in many countries.

A

Endemic

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4
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

That is disease or condition is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

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5
Q

How is EIV transmitted?

A

Through contact with respiratory secretions

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6
Q

What factors predispose a horse to the spread of infection?

A
  • Immunological status
  • **Intermingling of horses - close contact with other
    horses
  • Age of a horse
  • Health status? (Preexisting disease increasing risk)
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7
Q

What age group is most susceptible to infection?

A

Horses 1 to 5 years old

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8
Q

Clinical findings vary from _______ _________ infection to _______ ________ and is rarely _______.

A

Mild inapparent; severe disease; fatal

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9
Q

What is the incubation period for EIV?

A

1 to 3 days

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute viral disease?

A
  • Abrupt onset of fever and coughing
  • High fever
  • A dry, harsh, non-productive cough
  • Nasal discharge
  • Depression, anorexia, and weakness
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11
Q

Initially the nasal discharge seen with EIV is _____ and ______ but later on can become _______ and ________ with the presence of ____________ __________ infection.

A

Scant and serous; profuse and Mucopurulent; superimposed streptococcal.

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12
Q

What is the normal temperature range for horses?

A

99.5F to 101.5F

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat fever in EIV infected horse?

A

Phenylbutazone

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14
Q

Clinical signs usually last less than _____

A

3 days

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15
Q

The cough develops _____ in the course and may persist for up to ______

A

3 weeks

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16
Q

A _______ cough that lasts longer may be due to damaged _________ _________.

A

Residual; respiratory epithelium

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17
Q

Mildly affected horses make a full uneventful recovery in __ to __ weeks.

A

2 to 3 weeks

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18
Q

Severely affected horses may ________ for up to _______

A

convalesce; 6 months

19
Q

Respiratory epithelium and cilia take approximately ______ to regenerate

A

21 days

20
Q

While the respiratory epithelium and cilia are regenerating horses are more susceptible to _______ _______.

A

Secondary complications

21
Q

What are some examples of secondary complications?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
22
Q

What is another name for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Heaves.

23
Q

COPD causes a problem with ______ ________ that can cause you to hear _______ (high pitch sound in the lungs)

A

Small airways; wheezing

24
Q

The risks of complications are minimized by what?

A

1) restricting exercise
2) controlling dust
3) providing superior ventilation
4) practicing good stable hygiene

25
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract (pneumonia)?

A

1) fever lasting longer than 2 to 3 days
2) mucopurulent nasal discharge
3) productive cough
4) lung crackles

26
Q

How is EIV diagnosed?

A

Observation of rapidly spreading respiratory disease with rapid onset of high fever, weakness, depression, and widespread coughing

27
Q

How can a definitive confirmation of the diagnosis be obtained?

A

1) Virus isolation*
2) Influenzan A antigen detection*
3) Paired sera

28
Q

What are the clinical specimens of choice for virus isolation and antigen detection?

A

Nasal swabs

29
Q

_____ _______ ___ test kits are used to antigen test horses.

A

Human influenza A

30
Q

The human influenza A tests provide __________ results.

A

Immediate

31
Q

What is the vaccination protocol for adult horses?

A
  • Initially –> two vaccinations 4 weeks apart
  • Followed by a booster 6 months later
  • Thereafter –> annual boosters for low risk horses
    (sedentary)
  • Boosters every 6 months for at risk adult horses
    (optimally every 4 months)
32
Q

What are the vaccination guidelines for foals?

A
  • Initially vaccinated with a single MLV intranasal
    vaccine
    or
  • a series of three inactivated (killed) vaccines beginning at six months of age with boosters given in 3 to 6 weeks and again between 10 and 12 mo. of age
33
Q

What are the vaccination guidelines for broodmares?

A
  • Should be given inactivated vaccine 4 to 6 wk
    before foaling
  • Isolation of new additions for two weeks
  • Minimize contact with other horses
34
Q

What is the treatment protocol for horses that do not develop complications?

A

Rest and supportive care

35
Q

Strict rest is recommended for at least ______

A

3 weeks

36
Q

If the fever is >104*F then _____ (class of drug) is recommended.

A

NSAIDs

37
Q

__________ is given if the fever persists more than 3 to 4 days or if purulent nasal discharge is necessary or if there is pneumonia.

A

Antibiotics

38
Q

What is the name of the NSAID used for treatment of horses that is good for fever, pain, and inflammation?

A

Phenylbutazone/ “Bute”

39
Q

Drugs that reduce fever are called

A

antipyretics

40
Q

Drugs that treat pain are called

A

Analgesics

41
Q

Drugs that reduce inflammation are called

A

Antiinflammatory drugs

42
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

43
Q

Treatment is the same for respiratory infections whether caused by EIV or _____

A

Equine herpes virus

Equine Diseases (6 decks)

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