Equine Influenza Virus Flashcards
What is Equine Influenza Virus?
An acute, highly contagious, febrile respiratory disease.
What type of virus is EIV?
Orthomyxovirus A/Equi I and A/Equi II
EIA is __________ in many countries.
Endemic
What does endemic mean?
That is disease or condition is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.
How is EIV transmitted?
Through contact with respiratory secretions
What factors predispose a horse to the spread of infection?
- Immunological status
- **Intermingling of horses - close contact with other
horses - Age of a horse
- Health status? (Preexisting disease increasing risk)
What age group is most susceptible to infection?
Horses 1 to 5 years old
Clinical findings vary from _______ _________ infection to _______ ________ and is rarely _______.
Mild inapparent; severe disease; fatal
What is the incubation period for EIV?
1 to 3 days
What are the clinical signs of acute viral disease?
- Abrupt onset of fever and coughing
- High fever
- A dry, harsh, non-productive cough
- Nasal discharge
- Depression, anorexia, and weakness
Initially the nasal discharge seen with EIV is _____ and ______ but later on can become _______ and ________ with the presence of ____________ __________ infection.
Scant and serous; profuse and Mucopurulent; superimposed streptococcal.
What is the normal temperature range for horses?
99.5F to 101.5F
What is the drug of choice to treat fever in EIV infected horse?
Phenylbutazone
Clinical signs usually last less than _____
3 days
The cough develops _____ in the course and may persist for up to ______
3 weeks
A _______ cough that lasts longer may be due to damaged _________ _________.
Residual; respiratory epithelium
Mildly affected horses make a full uneventful recovery in __ to __ weeks.
2 to 3 weeks
Severely affected horses may ________ for up to _______
convalesce; 6 months
Respiratory epithelium and cilia take approximately ______ to regenerate
21 days
While the respiratory epithelium and cilia are regenerating horses are more susceptible to _______ _______.
Secondary complications
What are some examples of secondary complications?
- Pneumonia
- Chronic bronchitis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
What is another name for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Heaves.
COPD causes a problem with ______ ________ that can cause you to hear _______ (high pitch sound in the lungs)
Small airways; wheezing
The risks of complications are minimized by what?
1) restricting exercise
2) controlling dust
3) providing superior ventilation
4) practicing good stable hygiene
What are the clinical signs associated with secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract (pneumonia)?
1) fever lasting longer than 2 to 3 days
2) mucopurulent nasal discharge
3) productive cough
4) lung crackles
How is EIV diagnosed?
Observation of rapidly spreading respiratory disease with rapid onset of high fever, weakness, depression, and widespread coughing
How can a definitive confirmation of the diagnosis be obtained?
1) Virus isolation*
2) Influenzan A antigen detection*
3) Paired sera
What are the clinical specimens of choice for virus isolation and antigen detection?
Nasal swabs
_____ _______ ___ test kits are used to antigen test horses.
Human influenza A
The human influenza A tests provide __________ results.
Immediate
What is the vaccination protocol for adult horses?
- Initially –> two vaccinations 4 weeks apart
- Followed by a booster 6 months later
- Thereafter –> annual boosters for low risk horses
(sedentary) - Boosters every 6 months for at risk adult horses
(optimally every 4 months)
What are the vaccination guidelines for foals?
- Initially vaccinated with a single MLV intranasal
vaccine
or - a series of three inactivated (killed) vaccines beginning at six months of age with boosters given in 3 to 6 weeks and again between 10 and 12 mo. of age
What are the vaccination guidelines for broodmares?
- Should be given inactivated vaccine 4 to 6 wk
before foaling - Isolation of new additions for two weeks
- Minimize contact with other horses
What is the treatment protocol for horses that do not develop complications?
Rest and supportive care
Strict rest is recommended for at least ______
3 weeks
If the fever is >104*F then _____ (class of drug) is recommended.
NSAIDs
__________ is given if the fever persists more than 3 to 4 days or if purulent nasal discharge is necessary or if there is pneumonia.
Antibiotics
What is the name of the NSAID used for treatment of horses that is good for fever, pain, and inflammation?
Phenylbutazone/ “Bute”
Drugs that reduce fever are called
antipyretics
Drugs that treat pain are called
Analgesics
Drugs that reduce inflammation are called
Antiinflammatory drugs
What does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Treatment is the same for respiratory infections whether caused by EIV or _____
Equine herpes virus
