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Equine Diseases > Eqine Encephalomyelitis > Flashcards

Eqine Encephalomyelitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common name for equine encephalomyelitis?

A

Sleeping sickness

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2
Q

This disease is characterized by ____ _______ and moderate to high _______.

A

CNS dysfunction; mortality.

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3
Q

What family does equine encephalomyelitis belong to?

A

The Alphaviruses family

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4
Q

What are the types of equine encephalomyelitis?

A
  • Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
  • Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
  • Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
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5
Q

Where do outbreaks of WEE typically occur?

A

In the west and midwest united states

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6
Q

The current morbidity of WEE is low due to ________.

A

Vaccines

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7
Q

EEE typically occur where?

A

Along the eastern seaboard and gulf coast (including LA)

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8
Q

VEE was isolated in _____ in Venezuela.

A

1938

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9
Q

In 1971, VEE spread into ____ _____ where _____ horses died.

A

Southwest Texas; 1500

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10
Q

In the 1930’s an outbreak of WEE in California resulted in more than ______ horse deaths.

A

180,000

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11
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for EE?

A
  • Birds
  • Rodents
  • Reptiles
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12
Q

What is the transmission vector for the spread of this disease?

A

Mosquitos

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13
Q

This disease has been isolated from ____ different types of mosquitos in the U.S.

A

27

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14
Q

How do infections spread from reservoir hosts to horses?

A

By mosquitos carrying virus

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15
Q

Horses infected with WEE have a _____ viremia making them a “_____ ____ ____”

A

Low; Dead End Host

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16
Q

What does it mean when a horse has a low viremia?

A

Infection does not spread from an infected horse to other healthy horses

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17
Q

Horses infected with VEE have a ____ viremia.

A

High

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18
Q

What does viremia result in that allows the infection to pass from horse to horse?

A

viral shedding in body fluids

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19
Q

How can VEE spread to other horses?

A

Via aerosolized respiratory secretions or direct contact with body fluids

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20
Q

Horses infected with EEE have a ______ but ______ viremia.

A

Transient but significant

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21
Q

T or F: With EEE transmission from horse to horse is not possible.

A

False. This is possible

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22
Q

________ are seasonal in temperate region, occurring during warm months but not during cold months

A

Epizootics

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23
Q

In what state does transmission occur throughout the year with a peak in summer

A

Florida

24
Q

Initially horses are _____ and ______ with clinical neurologic signs generally occurring ____ post-infection

A

Quiet and depressed; 5 days.

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of this disease?

A
  • Low grade fever
  • Altered mentation
  • Impaired vision
  • Aimless wandering
  • Head pressing
  • Circling
  • Inability to swallow
  • Irregular ataxic gait
  • Paresis and paralysis
  • Terminally, convulsions and death
26
Q

Most deaths occur within ______after onset of C.S.

A

2 - 3 days

27
Q

What is the medical term for the inability to swallow?

A

Dysphagia

28
Q

What are some examples of an altered mentation?

A
  • Depression
  • Moribund
  • Comatose
29
Q

Surviving horses may be “dummies” what does this mean?

A

They may have permanent neurologic damage

30
Q

__________infections may occur with all of the sleeping sickness viruses

A

Asymptomatic

31
Q

The mortality rate for WEE is __ to __ %

A

20 to 50%

32
Q

The mortality rate for EEE is __ to __ %

A

50 to 90%

33
Q

The mortality rate for VEE is __ to __ %

A

50 to 75%

34
Q

Which type of EE has the highest mortality rate?

A

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

35
Q

What different ways can sleeping sickness be diagnosed?

A
  1. Presumptive diagnosis
  2. Serologic titers
  3. Virus isolation
36
Q

What is a presumptive diagnosis of sleeping sickness based on?

A
  • Clinical signs in endemic areas and vaccination history
37
Q

How is a positive diagnosis with serologic titers made?

A

By a 4 fold increase between acute and convalescent samples

38
Q

How are samples taken for a serologic titer?

A
  • 2 samples 4 weeks apart

- 1st taken when clinical signs apparent and then sample and test again 4 weeks later.

39
Q

How is virus isolation done for this disease?

A

The virus may be isolated from the CSF of horses with acute infection

40
Q

T or F: There is an antiviral drug available for the treatment of EE.

A

False, there is no specific antiviral drug available.

41
Q

What is the treatment protocol for sleeping sickness?

A

Supportive care including:

  • I.V. fluids,
  • Stomach tube feeding,
  • Anti-inflammatory agents (MIGHT reduce severity of C.S.)
  • anticonvulsants (For muscle spasm, tremors, seizures)
42
Q

T or F: this disease is not zoonotic.

A

False. This disease is zoonotic.

43
Q

How can humans contract this disease?

A

Not directly from the horse but from the vector.

44
Q

What are clinical signs in man?

A

Range from mild flu-like symptoms to death

45
Q

Who are the most susceptible humans to this disease?

A

Children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals

46
Q

In humans the mortality rate of EEE is up to ___ %

A

75%

47
Q

In humans the mortality rate of WEE is ___ %

A

20%

48
Q

In humans the mortality rate of VEE is ___ %

A

40%

49
Q

For prevention you can use the ______ viral vaccine.

A

Inactivated

50
Q

This vaccine is available in ____, _____, or ____ form.

A

mono-, bi-, or trivalent form

51
Q

How is this vaccine given?

A

2 injections 30 days apart

52
Q

How often are boosters given?

A

Annually or Biannually

53
Q

How often must boosters be given in Louisiana?

A

Biannually

54
Q

_______ _______ will interfere with vaccination.

A

Maternal antibodies

55
Q

What is the vaccination protocol for foals?

A

At 3, 4, and 6 months of age

56
Q

What is the vaccination protocol for mares?

A

Vaccinated 3-4 weeks before foaling

57
Q

What is another important method of prevention?

A

Vector control –> controlling mosquito population (avoiding leaving stagnant water in yard, spraying pesticides, etc.)

Equine Diseases (6 decks)

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