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Anatomy #3-Abdomen > Equine GI > Flashcards

Equine GI Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal boundaries

A

-diaphragm
-pelvis
-body wall
-spine/ribs

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2
Q

Muscles of abdominal body wall

A

-Skin: cutaneous trunci, tunica flava (superficial and deep fascia)
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
-rectus abdominis
-linea alba and prepubic tendon- very little blood vessels and very strong so easy to close in surgery

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3
Q

Inguinal ring

A

-superficial ring
-deep ring (vaginal ring)

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4
Q

Inguinal ring clinical importance

A

1.deep ring is larger than superficial ring and can result in hernias. Superficial ring is smaller and not really of clinical significance
2.Testicular descent

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5
Q

Cryptochid castration

A

-castration when the testicles are un-descended
-Types:
1.Complete (testicle in abdominal, never entered ring)
2.Incomplete (testicle stuck within inguinal ring)
3.High flanker (testicle caught adjacent to body wall; did not make it to scrotum)

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6
Q

Inguinal/scrotal hernia

A

-external ring: suture
-vaginal ring/internal ring: one side of vaginal ring too large, allowing greater omentum/GI tract slipping though when animal on back. Can be closed using laproscopic staples

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7
Q

Caudal fermenters

A

-pig
-horse
-rhino

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8
Q

Horse GI tract positioning

A

-majority of GI tract/abdomen is within the ribs in horse
-colon most ventral because very heavy
-cecum most visible on right side
-majority of liver on right side
-Spleen on left

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9
Q

Equine stomach

A

-simple, small
-cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part, pylorus
-not much surgical significance… hidden up behind ribs so difficult to access AND abdominal contamination is difficult for horses to overcome (unlike ox)

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10
Q

Stomach location

A

-upper end of rib 15 and lower end of rib 10 (caudia at upper end of rib 11)

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11
Q

Blood supply to stomach

A

celiac artery

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12
Q

Internal surface of stomach

A

-Squamous portion
-Glandular portion

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13
Q

Margo plicatus

A

-border between squamous and glandular portion of stomach

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14
Q

Regions of glandular region of horse stomach

A

-cardiac gland region
-proper gastric gland region
-pyloric gland region

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15
Q

Esophageal region

A

-stratified squamous epithelium, no glands, sometimes keratinized

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16
Q

Cardiac gland region

A

-columnar epithelium
-mucus and enteroendocrine cells (producing endorphins, gastrin, histamine, serotonin, somatostatin)

17
Q

Fundic gland region

A

-proper gastric glands (produce mucus, HCl, pepsin, rennin, lipase)

18
Q

Pyloric gland region

A

-similar to cardiac region… producing mucus

19
Q

Order of path through stomach

A

1.esophageal entrance
2.cardia
3.fundus
5. margo plicatus
6.pyloric antrum
7.pyloric orifice
8.duodenum

20
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

-occur in non-glandular portions
-grades (0-3)= normal, mild, moderate, severe
**regions of underlying tissue become exposed and will react with gastric acid

21
Q

Domestic animals and gastric ulcers

A

-Horses in the wild spend whole day eating and therefore produce high levels of gastric acid
-domesticated horses are only fed a couple times of days but are still producing the same high level of gastric acid. Then these horses are ridden and stomach becomes irritated=ulcers

22
Q

Duodenum

A

-short
-blood supply: celiac artery via gastroduodenal AND cranial mesenteric
-clinical importance: ulcers and muscular hypertrophy of duodenum (rare)

23
Q

Horse spleen

A

-has contractile portions which contracts under stress and increases blood volume and RBC count
-when relaxed, blood levels will decrease again

24
Q

Horse spleen grooves/borders

A

-intestines
-stomach
-nephrosplenic ligament- can result in entrapment when intestines wrap around and get caught between kidney and spleen laying on the ligament

25
Q

Liver differences of horse compared with other animals

A

-rotation to the right side of abdomen
-fusion of lobes
-gallbladder not present. Therefore bile is always being produced and secreted. When not eating, it will build up and cause jaundice

26
Q

Equine liver lobes

A

-Right lobe – largest
-left median lobe
-left lateral lobe
-caudate process of caudate lobe
-quadrate lobe

27
Q

Omental (epiploic) foramen

A

-an area on liver
-space where intestines can get trapped

28
Q

Falciform ligament

A

-remnant of embryonic artery going into the liver

29
Q

Equine jejunum and ileum

A

-25m
-Jejunum receives blood supply from cranial mesenteric artery
-Ileum receives blood from ileal artery

30
Q

Clinical significance of jejunum and ileum

A

-epiploic foramen
-nephrosplenic ligament
-vaginal ring
-lipoma
-intussusception (piece of gut wraps around another piece of gut=gut death)

31
Q

Lipoma and Dead bowel

A

-lipoma swings around and cuts off part of bowel
>will choke the venous drainage first due to pressure difference. The arterial flow will fill gut=dark colour and distended

32
Q

Ilieo-cecal fold

A

-distinguishes the ileum from the jejunum in horse

33
Q

Cecum equine

A

-large
-always near wall; ventral which helps determine where everything else is
-also called “sparky”
-have taeniae and haustra

34
Q

Location of colon (large)

A

-4 bands: dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral
-dorsal ends at duodenum
-lateral goes to large colon (ascending colon)
*during surgery, horse laying down. Ventral will be close to surgeon (will see sacculations) and dorsal will be farthest away (no sacculations)

35
Q

Pelvic flexure

A

-junction between dorsal and ventral colon
-has normal narrowing between ventral and dorsal region of colon
**can cause issues such as impaction/constipation due to feed material getting stuck at flexure

36
Q

Clinical importance of colon

A

-gas colic (tympany)
-impactions
-displacements
>right dorsal displacement- cecum moves to wrong side
>cecum can wrap around and trap nephrosplenic ligament
-torsions
>large colon torsion

37
Q

Descending small colon

A

-has 2 muscular bands (an anti-mesenteric and a mesenteric)
-sacculations

38
Q

Clinical importance of small colon

A

-trauma-can cause damage=infection from spread of feces
-impactions/foreign bodies (ex. hay bale wraps plug colon)
-poor blood supply (so coagulants are high. Area is very good at breaking down suture material)
-increased risk of enterotomy breakdown and salmonella species

Anatomy #3-Abdomen (7 decks)

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