Equine entero-typhylo-colitis pt 3 Flashcards
C. perfringens causes what in in foals and adults?
- Hemorrhagic enterocolitis of foals;
- CPB2- or CPE associated enterocolitis of adults?
C perfringens
- part of normal flora?
- carrier status?
- age group
- types? based on what?
- Can be part of normal GI flora (very low prevalence)
- Carrier status increases with disease
- Usually neonates
- 5 types based on toxin production:
> Type A (alpha toxin)
> +/-β2 toxin (only found in colitis horses)
> Enterotoxin (enterocyte necrosis, hemorrhage, inflammation)
C. perfringens
- type most commonly implicated in colitis
- Large number of type A C. perfringens in colitis
C. perfringens entrotoxin
- how common in adults and foals with typhlocolitis
- Enterotoxin (cpe) in 20-30% of adults and foals with typhlocolitis
how common is the C. perfringens beta2 toxin in isolates from colitis?
- how to identify?
- Cpb2-positive in 52% isolates from colitis
- Cpb2 in lesions by immunohistochemistry
association between colitis and the use of what medication in vet hospitals?
Association with colitis and gentamicin use in a veterinary hospital
Clostridial diarrhea - treatment
- Supportive care
-
Metronidazole (15 to 20 mg/kg PO q6-8h)
> keep in mind, kills organisms not toxins - Saccharomyces boulardii (25g PO q12h) is a
nonpathogenic yeast, releases a protease that specifically degrades C. difficile toxins A and B
> Unclear efficacy - Di-tri-octahedral smectite (Bio-Sponge) has been shown to bind clostridial toxins in vitro
Right dorsal colitis – predisposing factor
Body weight (ponies, miniature horses, and small horses) at phenylbutazone doses higher than those recommended for their body weight.
> basically an NSAID toxicity
Right dorsal colitis – clinical signs
- Panhypoproteinemia
- Soft stool/diarrhea
- Recurring colic
- Weight loss
- Can be fatal (sepsis)
Right dorsal colitis – pathogenesis
- Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (COX enzyme). COX-1 is thought to play an important role in maintaining physiologic homeostasis; COX-2 has a critical role in inflammation.
- NSAIDs inhibit the ability of injured equine intestinal mucosa to repair, which may increase the risk of ulceration
Right dorsal colitis – treatment
- Discontinue NSAID
- If acute: gastric lavage + mineral oil
- Sucralfate (10-20 mg/kg PO TID, QID)
- Misoprostol (3-5 ug/kg PO TID)
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Diet - Provide low-bulk, restrict roughage.
- Concentrate should be fed in smaller amounts and frequently (four to six feedings per day).
- Corn oil supplementation
- Promotes PGE2 production.
Coronavirus
- morbidity, mortality
- Morbidity: 10-83%
- Mortality: Low
Coronavirus
- duration
- Self-limited infection
- Duration: 7 days
Coronavirus
- pathogenesis, how it can lead to sepsis
- Epithelial cell necrosis and intestinal inflammation result in damage to the mucosal barrier, and subsequent sepsis probably results from absorption of microbial molecules.
Coronavirus colitis clinical signs, bloodwork findings
- Fever, lethargy, and anorexia.
- Hyperammonemia: circling, ataxia, head pressing, nystagmus, seizures, or a combination of these
- Clinicopathologic findings include neutropenia and band neutrophilia
