Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3. Equine > Equine entero- typhlo-colitis pt 1 > Flashcards

Equine entero- typhlo-colitis pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the volume of the equine stomach?
length and volume of small intestine?
length and volume of cecum?
length and volume of large colon?

A

stomach: 8-16L
small intestines: 50-80L, 25-30m
cecum: 30L, 1.5-2m
large colon: 80-120L, 3-4m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

enteritis / typhlitis / colitis
- clinical signs, general

A
  • Lethargy
  • Inappetence
  • Colic
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

enteritis / typhlitis / colitis
- general diagnostic tests

A
  1. Bloodwork
  2. US
  3. Transrectal palpation
  4. Pathogen testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

diarrhea leads to fluid loss
- what are 3 consequences of this?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Hypovolemia
  • Decreased blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diarrhea leads to electrolyte loss
- what are 3 consequences of this?

A

Arrhythmia
Weakness
Ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

colon inflammation leads increased capillary permeability, which leads to protein loss
- what are some consequences of protein loss

A
  • Edema (internal and external)
  • Catabolic State
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

colon inflammation leads increased capillary permeability, which leads to bacterial translocation
- what problems can this cause?

A

Laminitis
Thrombosis
Fever
Ileus
Sepsis
Endotoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

minimum amount of fluid loss for clinical signs

A

Dehydration – minimum of 5% to have clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

general signs of >5% dehydration?

A

Tachycardia
Dry, pale mucus membranes
Prolonged CRT
Lethargy
Cold extremities
Poor peripheral pulse quality
Prolonged jugular refill
Prolonged skin tent
Sunken eyes
Reduced urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what will edema due to colitis look like grossly and on ultrasound?

A
  • External or internal
  • Thickened colon wall on ultrasound
  • Ventral edema
  • Preputial edema
  • Rectal prolapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

acute colitis venous blood gas results?

A
  • ↑ Lactate
  • ↓pH
  • ↓ Sodium
  • ↓ Chloride
  • ↓ Potassium
  • ↓ Calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acute colitis CBC results?

A
  • Leukopenia – neutropenia (Except Potomac Horse Fever)
  • Left shift
  • Hemoconcentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acute colitis biochem results?

A
  • Azotemia
  • Hypoproteinemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bacterial agents that can cause colitis

A

Salmonella
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Neorickettsia risticii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parasitic agents that can cause colitis

A

Larval cyathostomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

toxic agents that can cause colitis

A
  • NSAID use: extra dose or extended therapy
  • Antibacterial therapy
  • Cantharidin
17
Q

dietary factor that can cause colitis

A

Carbohydrate overload

18
Q
  • cost of an acute colitis case?
  • % referred?
  • % undifferentiated?
  • % mortality
A
  1. Cost: 4-6.000$
  2. 10% referred
  3. 60-80% undifferentiated
  4. 30% mortality
19
Q

the one bacterial agent that causes a colitis with neutrophilia in the horse

A

Neorickettsia risticii

20
Q

Potomac Horse Fever
- agent, disease description
- bacteria characteristics
- incubation

A

Neorickettsia risticii (formerly Ehrlichia risticii)
* Equine monocytic erlichiosis
Family Rickettsia
Gram-negative intracellular bacteria Incubation period: 10-14 days

21
Q

PHF – Clinical signs

A

In order of importance / frequency:
1. Lethargy
2. Anorexia
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea
5. Laminitis > 30-40%
6. Colic

22
Q

PTH transmission

A

trematode egg eaten by freshwater snail
> trematode egg develops into cercariae
> leaves snail, moves into aquatic insect, becomces a metacercaria
> aquatic insect with bacteria-containing trematode metacercaria is ingested accidentally by the horse, while it is eating or drinking (usually in a swampy area)
> natural life cycle would be insect ingestion from bird

23
Q

PHF - pathogenesis
- what cells and what anatomic locations are affected?

A
  • Following ingestion of aquatic insect:
  • N. risticii multiplies within:
    monocytes
    macrophages
    mast cells
    intestinal epithelial cells of the horse
  • Colon, small intestine
24
Q

PHF – risk factors, geography

A
  • Seasonal distribution (June-September)
  • Horses grazing pastures bordering waterways (freshwater rivers, lakes, creeks, irrigation ditches)
    <><>
  • Geographical distribution:
    Canada, USA, Brazil, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, India
25
Q

PHF – diagnostics? which is best?

A

PCR
- can use blood or feces (prefer both due to different timelines)
> detectable in blood 10-25d post infection
> detectable in feces 13-28d post infection
<>
* Culture (we don’t do this)
> Requires special culture techniques
> Takes weeks
<>
Indirect fluorescent antibody assay (also don’t do this)
- Antibody level rises early in disease
- Difficult to get an early 1st sample
- Single sample not regarded as diagnostic

26
Q

PHF - treatment

A
  • Oxytetracycline: IV q12-24h 3-5 days
    EARLY cases: respond within 12h
    Does not interfere with antibody production
    <><>
  • IV fluids
  • IV plasma
  • NSAIDs (e.g. flunixin – careful for AKI!)
    <><>
  • Laminitis prevention (ice boots, etc.)
27
Q

PHF - vaccination
- type and schedule
- effectiveness

A
  • Inactivated (killed) vaccine
  • Early spring or summer
    <><>
    AAEP
  • Primary vaccination: 2 doses 3-4 weeks apart
  • Revaccinate at 3-4 month intervals
  • Peak protection 3-4 weeks
    <><>
  • Experimental results with vaccine were mixed
  • Duration of immunoprophylaxis was very
    limited
  • Different strains
28
Q

PHF - prevention strategies

A
  • Vaccinate (consult your veterinarian)
  • Decrease exposure to aquatic insects
    > Especially June-August
    > Keep horses in barn at night
    > Restrict grazing near creeks, rivers
  • Turn off barn lights in peak insect season
  • Keep hay and water covered at night
29
Q

If a horse has diarrhea on TMS (or any antibiotic) what should we do?

A
  • discontinue immediately, and then make a plan
30
Q

Antimicrobial associated diarrhea
- cause?
- what pathogens may contribute?

A
  • Not as clear cut as in humans – lack of case definition
    <>
  • Pathogens may contribute – subdivision
    > C. difficile (up to 25% in humans)
    > C. perfringens
    > Salmonella
    <>
  • 22-94% of colitis cases depending on studies
31
Q

Antimicrobial associated diarrhea
- do we know if some antimicrobials are riskier than others?
- which ones?
- which have been experimented with?
- route of admin matter?

A
  • No studies of relative risks of certain classes of antimicrobials, BUT
    > we know which have an effect:
  • Depends on effect on enteric anaerobes:
  • Little effect: TMS, Fluorquinolone, Aminoglycoside
  • Big effect: Lincosamide, macrolide, beta lactam
    > In mares with foals treated with macrolides!
    <><>
  • Used experimentally to induce colitis: clindamycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin
  • Equal or increased association with parenteral antibiotics
32
Q

possible sequelae of antimicrobial induced diarrhea

A

Case from PM at OVC:
- death most likely due to the compromise of the colic wall resulting in the release of feed material to the peritoneum and causing septic peritonitis and adhesions

3. Equine (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions