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Large Animal Surgery > Equine Dentistry > Flashcards

Equine Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

How are equine teeth numbered?

A

triadan system with quadrants for numbering

  • 100-400 permanent
  • 500-800 deciduous
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2
Q

What are canine and wolf teeth?

A

CANINE = ‘04, mostly present in males

WOLF = ‘05, small tooth in front of premolars

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3
Q

How many incisors, canine, wolf teeth, and cheek teeth do horses have?

A

I = 3 per side, deciduous and permanent, 01-03

C = 0-1 per side, 04

W = 0-1 per side, 05

CH = 6 per side, 3 premolars (D & P), 3 molars (P), 06-11

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4
Q

Permanent vs deciduous teeth:

A
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5
Q

What kind of teeth do horses have?

A

hypsodont - long crown with continuous eruption

  • crown shortens over time
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6
Q

What is the difference between the apex and crown of teeth?

A

APEX - area of the tooth root (innermost) that begins to form at ~6 y/o

CROWN - more outer portion of the tooth embedded in the alveolus (reserved) and exposed (1-2 cm)

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7
Q

What is anisognathia?

A

upper cheek teeth are set wider apart than the lower teeth

  • contact surface of cheek teeth set at 10-15 degrees
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8
Q

What is the arcade? Table? Occlusal surface?

A

row of cheek teeth

total occlusal surface

area between two arcades (biting surface)

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9
Q

What are the outer and inner surfaces of the incisors?

A

OUTER - labial surface toward the lips

INNER - lingual surface toward the tonge of mandibular arcade; palatal surface toward the palate of the maxillary arcade

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10
Q

What are the outer and inner surfaces of the molars?

A

OUTER - buccal surface toward the cheek (vestibular)

INNER - lingual surface of the mandibular arcade; palatal surface of the maxillary arcade

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11
Q

What is the alveolar bone of teeth? How does it appear on radiographs?

A

compact bone that lines the alveolus

opaque lines —> lamina dura dentes

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12
Q

What is the periodontal ligament? How does it appear on radiographs?

A

sheet of tendon-like tissue that attaches cementum to alveolar bone to help reduce stress

dark space - radiolucent

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13
Q

Alveolar bone vs. periodontal ligament, radiograph:

A
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14
Q

What is the table angle? What are 3 causes of variability? How is it approached when floating?

A

angle of the occlusal surface

  1. anatomic differences between individuals
  2. front to back - back = steep, front = flat
  3. upper to lower arcade

don’t change artificially —> alters grinding surface

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15
Q

What is the cusp of the tooth?

A

occlusal eminence toward the occlusal surface of the tooth essential for grinding

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16
Q

What are cinguli? What happens when they’re sharp?

A

vertical ridges on the buccal surface of upper cheek teeth (2 per tooth)

responsible for soft tissue injury due to sharp enamel points

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17
Q

What are the 4 dental tissues?

A
  1. CEMENTUM - outer layer that attaches to the periodontal ligament
  2. ENAMEL - laminated sheets under the cementum (hardest tissue in the body)
  3. DENTIN - bulk of tooth under enamel with tubular ultrastructure
  4. PULP - blood and nerve supply to the tooth (inner surface of the tooth)
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18
Q

What produced the cementum? What causes wear?

A

subgingival cementoblasts throughout the life of the tooth

occlusion - wear highest on occlusal surface

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19
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cementum? How does it differ in deciduous teeth and permanent teeth?

A
  1. root formation
  2. periodontal attachment

white at the beginning and can stain with age

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20
Q

What are the 3 major properties of enamel?

A
  1. hardest substance in the body, but brittle
  2. 98% mineral
  3. when damaged, it cannot be repaired
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21
Q

What are the 2 portions of enamel?

A
  1. EXTERNAL - on the outside of tooth
  2. INTERNAL - surrounds infundibula
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22
Q

What are infundibula?

A

invaginations of enamel in the center of the tooth

  • aka cup
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23
Q

How do the infundibula compare in incisors, maxillary cheek teeth, and mandibular cheek teeth?

A

single (cup)

multiple

none

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24
Q

Maxillary cheek tooth, infundibula:

A

multiple

  • black = external enamel
  • brown = central enamel
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25
Mandibular cheek tooth, infundibula:
none - black = external enamel
26
What provides the bulk of the tooth material? What produces it?
dentin odontoblasts and pulp as the tooth erupts
27
What is the difference between primary and secondary dentin?
PRIMARY - forms before tooth eruption SECONDARY - forms after tooth eruption and fills into the receding pulp chamber and is commonly stained dark from food pigment
28
What makes up the pulp? How does it compare in immature and mature teeth?
nerves, arteries, veins, lymph vessels - IMMATURE = larger apex (inner) - MATURE = smaller due to increased secondary dentin used for strength of the tooth
29
When do pulp channels cease to communicate?
~ 6 years
30
What causes attrition in horse teeth?
reserved crown erupts continuously, but the dentin, enamel, and cementum wear at different rates resulting in irregular occlusal surfaces
31
At what rate does mastication wear down teeth? How does this compare with age? Breed?
~3 mm/yr with age, teeth wear slower smaller breeds (ponies, minis) have slower wear
32
How do cheek teeth communicate with paranasal sinuses? What is the frontomaxillary aperture?
- rostral maxillary sinus = roots of 8, 9, 10 - caudal maxillary sinus = roots of 10, 11 communication between the conchofrontal sinus and the caudal maxillary sinus
33
When do deciduous teeth erupt?
- INCISORS (01-03) = 6d/6w/6m - PREMOLARS (06-08) = 6d
34
When do permanent teeth erupt?
- INCISORS (01-03) =2.5y/3.5y/4.5y - CANINES (04) = 4-6y in males - WOLF (05) = 6-9 m - PREMOLARS (06-08) = 2.5y/3y/3.5y - MOLARS (09-11) = 1y/2y/3.5y
35
Equine dental eruption:
36
When do incisors and premolars shed? How does this look?
- INCISORS = 2.5/3.5/4.5 yrs - PREMOLARS = 2.5/3/4 yrs caps formed by deciduous teeth on top of permanent ones
37
When do permanent incisors erupt and come in wear?
ERUPT = 2.5/3.5/4.5 yrs IN WEAR = 3/4/5 yrs
38
When do canines and wolf teeth erupt?
4-5 years in males 6 months
39
How do deciduous teeth compare to permanent ones?
- different shapes - P = rectangular, long; D = trapezoid, smaller apex, wider occlusal surface - deciduous teeth are smaller - deciduous teeth are lighter colored
40
How does the incisor angle change with age?
becomes more acute with age
41
How is shape of incisors used to age horses?
- OVAL = 5-9 yrs - TRIANGLE = 10-15 years - SQUARE = 16-20 yrs
42
When do cups disappear and dental stars appear in the incisors?
6/7/8 yrs 5/6/7-8 yrs
43
When does the mark (enamel ring) disappear in the incisors?
- 12-15 yrs - 14-17 yrs - 16-19 yrs
44
How does the shape of corner incisors change as the horse ages?
- <9 y/o = shorter than width - 9-10 = square - >10 = taller than width
45
When does the incisor hook appear?
at 7 y/o and 11-13 y/o
46
What is Galvayne's groove? How is it used for aging horses?
longitudinal depression on the labial surface of the 3rd incisor, often stained dark - 10 y/o = start at gingiva - 15 y/o = halfway down - 20 y/o = all the way down - 25 y/o = halfway gone - 30 y/o = gone
47
How do cheek teeth rest at rest? What are the 4 phases of the chewing cycle?
not in contact 1. opening stroke 2. closing stroke = first arcade in contact 3. power stroke = grinding phase 4. reset phase
48
What is the most common cause of dental pathology in horses?
irregular wear ---> hypsodont + anisognatic
49
How do sharp enamel points cause pathology?
injury to the cheek or tongue
50
What is shear?
abnormally steep angle of the meeting of upper and lower molars affects lingual surface of the lower arcade and buccal surface of the upper arcade
51
What are hooks? What causes it?
long, sharp points that grow on the upper arcade rostral surface (06) and lower arcade caudal surface (11)
52
What is occurring in this picture?
hooks - upper = rostral - lower = caudal
53
What are ramps?
when the lower arcade begins overgrowing the upper arcade - most common in the molars > premolars
54
What is happening in this picture?
ramp premolars are becoming longer on the lower arcade
55
What are steps?
loss of a tooth results in the overgrowth of the corresponding tooth on the other arcade and prevents normal attrition
56
What is occuring in this picture?
steps
57
What are waves?
multiple teeth begin overgrowing forming a wave - common in horses 12 years and older that have not had adequate dental care
58
What are exaggerated transverse ridges? What are 2 common occurances?
growth of the transverse ridges, making them more prominent than the rest of the ridging in the arcade 1. young horses 2. newly erupted teeth
59
What is the difference between primary and secondary periodontal disease?
PRIMARY (dogs!) - change in gingival flora causing the formation of plaques SECONDARY (horses!) - stasis of food, infection
60
What is periodontal disease most commonly associated with in horses?
malocclusion causes the formation of a pocket between teeth, where food commonly gets stuck
61
How does the origin of neoplastic diseases of teeth affect prognosis?
dental origin = no treatment option juvenile ossifying fibroma = good prognosis with amputation (mandibulectomy)
62
What is equine odontoclastic tooth resportion and hypercementosis (EOTRH)? How is it treated?
painful disease of unknown etiology common in older horses (>15), starting at the third incisor ---> resorption soft tissue proliferation at gingiva, hyperplasia of cementum extraction of affected teeth
63
What are signs of periapical infection in maxillary and mandibular teeth?
sinusitis, nasal discharge soft tissue swelling of mandible
64
What are the most common causes of periapical infection?
- extensive floatation opens pulp - feed pocketing
65
How are periapical infections treated?
- tooth extraction - oral, sinusotomy with dental punch - medical management (antibiotics, pain management) if caught early
66
What 4 dental pathologies commonly cause pain? Morphological interference?
1. soft tissue injuries 2. periodontal disease 3. infectious disease 4. TMJ pathology - unable/reluctant to chew incisor/cheek tooth abnormalities
67
What are some common clinical signs associated with dental disease?
- reluctance to eat - acting out or pulling head when ridden or driven - large particles of straw in manure - quidding - dropping of food from mouth - colic and choke (impaction!) - losing weight and condition, dull coat - frothing, excessive salivation - swelling and deformities of the face
68
What are 4 signs of dental disease affecting the sinuses?
1. respiratory distress - swelling into nasal tract 2. loss of performance 3. draining tracts 4. epiphora

Large Animal Surgery (32 decks)

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