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Y3 MOD Dentistry > Equine dentistry > Flashcards

Equine dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main consequences of dental disease in horses?

A
  • Oral pain and discomfort
  • Weight loss
  • Predisposition to certain types of colic
  • Secondary disease processes e.g. sinusitis
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2
Q

How many hours a day should a horse graze?

A

18

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3
Q

How are horses teeth characterised?

A

Hypsodont - long crowned

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4
Q

What is the permanent dentition of a horse?

A

I 3/3, C1/1 or 0/0, PM 3/3 or 4/4, M 3/3

= 36-44 teeth

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5
Q

Which tooth is 309?

A

The Left mandibular 1st molar

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6
Q

When describing horses deciduous teeth using the triadan numbering system what do you do?

A 
Add 4 to the quadrant number  
- 5 = Horse’s upper right 
- 6 = Horse’s upper left
- 7 = Horse’s lower left
- 8 = Horse’s lower right
Examples:
- Right central upper incisor = 501
- Left lower 1st molar = 709
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7
Q

At what age do each of the deciduous incisors erupt?

A
  • 01’s (Central) 1 week
  • 02’s (Middle) 6 weeks
  • 03’s (Corner) 6 -9 months
    Rule of thumb: 6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months
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8
Q

At what age do each of the permanent incisors erupt?

A 
Central = 2.5 years
Middle = 3.5 years
Corner = 4.5 years
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9
Q

At what age are each of the permanent incisors in wear?

A

6 months after eruption
Central = 3 years
Middle = 4 years
Corner = 5 years

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10
Q

Canine teeth in horses erupt (if they have them) at what age?

A

5 years olf

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11
Q

At what age do wolf teeth develop?

A

1 year old

mainly lost with the 06 cap at 2.5 years old

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12
Q

Which of the horses deciduous teeth are present at birth?

A

06, 07, 08 (premolars)

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13
Q

Which teeth don’t have any deciduous precursors?

A
  • Canines
  • Wolf teeth
  • Molars
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14
Q

At what age do the permanent premolars and molars erupt?

A 
06 = 2.5
07 = 3.5 
08 = 4
09 = 1
10 = 2
11 = 3.5
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15
Q

Describe the age related changes in incisor anatomy

A
  • until around 4yo only the infundibulum is visible on the labial aspect
  • The secondary dentine (dental star) then becomes visible
  • The infundibulum is no longer visible at 12yo
  • The tooth becomes more circular shaped on the labial surface from 12-14 years
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16
Q

Describe the labial surface of maxillary vs mandibular cheek teeth

A 
Maxillary CT:
- 2x infundibulae
- wide ‘square’
Mandibular CT:
- No infundibulae
- Narrow ‘rectangular’
17
Q

What are pulp horns?

A
  • Area of pigmented secondary dentine on the occlusal surface
  • Approximately 5mm thick
  • Protects the underlying pulp
  • Every cheek tooth has at least 5 pulp horns
18
Q

Describe the anatomy and structure of maxillary cheek teeth

A
  • 2 Infundibulae (Enamel Cups)
  • 3 Roots
  • 06 + 07 → Maxillary bone
  • 08 + 09 → Rostral maxillary sinus
  • 10 + 11 → Caudal maxillary sinus
  • Pulps run on either side of the infundibulum to the apex of the tooth
19
Q

Describe the anatomy and structure of mandibular cheek teeth

A
  • No infundibulae: more infolding of the peripheral enamel -> greater grinding surface
  • 2 Roots
  • Narrower bucco-lingually compared to maxillary CT
20
Q

Where does the pulp run within the tooth?

A

Pulps run on either side of the infundibulum to the apex of the tooth

21
Q

What is meant by a horse having Anisognathia?

A

Maxillary CT 20-25% further apart than Mandibular CT

22
Q

Which drugs can be used to sedate a horse for a dental exam?

A

Alpha 2 agonist / butorphanol

23
Q

What equipment is needed for an equine dental exam?

A
  • Appropriate examination area
  • +/- Sedation
  • Dental equipment
  • Gloves
  • Recording sheets
  • +/- head stand
24
Q

What steps are taken in the initial dental exam of a horse?

A
  • Thorough history
  • Watch the horse eat
  • Clinical examination: signs of underlying disease, external swellings/asymmetry, halitosis, discharge
25
Q

What equipment is needed for the oral dental exam?

A
  • Gag/Speculum
  • Light source
  • Dental mirror
  • Dental Syringe
  • Pulpar explorer
  • Periodontal probe
  • Diastema forceps
  • Rasps
  • +/- motorised tools
26
Q

How should the incisors be examined? What is being looked for?

A
  • Check for any abnormal masses/fractured teeth
  • Check occlusion from the side and front
  • Count the teeth
27
Q

How should the canines and wolf teeth be examined? What is being looked for?

A
  • Place speculum
  • Flush mouth
  • Check the canines (if present): Calculus formation (particularly lower canines), Fractured canines, Apical infection
  • Wolf Teeth (PM1 / 05): palpate bars for: displaced, blindly erupted or mandibular Wolf Teeth
28
Q

Where should be palpated when examining the cheek teeth?

A
  • Occlusal surface of every tooth
  • Edges of all teeth particularly: buccal aspect of Maxillary CT and lingual aspect of Mandibular CT
  • Every inter-dental space
  • Buccal mucosa
  • Tongue adjacent to the teeth
  • Take note of any abnormal smell
29
Q

When looking in the mouth without the mirror, what can be seen?

A
  • number of teeth
  • overgrowths
  • soft tissue trauma
  • dental fractures
30
Q

Where in the horses mouth should be probed?

A
  • Every pulp horn

- Assess depth of diastemata

31
Q

What can oral endoscopy be used for?

A

Better evaluation of occlusal surface, diastemata and periodontium

32
Q

What should you do with any findings in the dental exam?

A
  • Always document findings: keep a record for yourself and one for the owner
    Discuss findings:
  • Does treatment need to be performed and who is best placed to do this?
  • Is further diagnostic imaging required?
  • Plan follow-up treatments
33
Q

Describe a category 1 procedure

A

Those procedures which an individual can perform after recognised training without specific attainment of qualifications.

34
Q

Give some examples of category 1 procedures

A
  • Examination of teeth
  • Removal of sharp enamel points using manual rasps only
  • Removal of small dental overgrowths (maximum 4mm reductions) using manual rasps only
  • Rostral profiling of the first cheek teeth (maximum 4mm reductions)
  • Removal of loose deciduous caps
  • Removal of supragingival calculus
35
Q

Describe a category 2 procedure

A

Additional procedures suitable for delegation to an EDT who has trained and passed an examination approved by DEFRA

36
Q

Give some examples of category 2 procedures

A
  • Examination, evaluation and recording of dental abnormalities
  • Removal of loose teeth / fragments with negligible periodontal attachments
  • The removal of erupted, non-displaced wolf teeth in the upper or lower jaw under direct and continuous veterinary supervision
  • Palliative rasping of fractured and adjacent teeth
  • Motorised dental instruments to reduce overgrowths and sharp enamel points only
37
Q

Describe a category 3 procedure

A

All other procedures (involving diagnosis or treatment of animals) and any new procedures, which arise as a result of scientific and technical development, would by default fall into category 3.
Category 3 procedures may only be performed by qualified veterinary surgeons

38
Q

Name 2 examples of category 3 procedures

A
  • Diastemata widening

- Unerupted wolf tooth removal

Y3 MOD Dentistry (11 decks)

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