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Y3 MOD Dentistry > Disease of the equine head and neck > Flashcards

Disease of the equine head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the upper airway?

A
  • Conduit: airflow to & from lung
  • Filtering: Mucus
  • Protection of lower airway from aspiration
  • Olfaction
  • Phonation (vocal sounds)
  • Swallowing
  • Thermoregulation
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2
Q

Why is a normal upper airway critical for horses?

A

They are obligate nasal breathers

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3
Q

How do respiratory muscles and the diaphragm provide the force for ventilation?

A
  • Inhalation = negative pressures – air moves into lung

- Exhalation = positive pressures – drives air out

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4
Q

What is the resting respiratory rate of a horse?

A

8-15 brpm

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5
Q

How odes minute ventilation increase during exercise?

A

20X increase (up to 1500L)

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6
Q

What are the knock-on consequences of anything narrowing the airway?

A
  • > Increased airflow resistance
  • > Increased negative pressure on inspiration
  • > Unsupported structures collapse (pharynx / larynx)
  • > URT Obstruction
  • > Noise + reduced oxygen delivery
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7
Q

How is resistance linked to radius?

A

Resistance is inversely proportional to Radius to the power of 4
- a small change in radius has a marked effect on resistance

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8
Q

What are some examples of presenting signs of abnormal URT function

A
  • Respiratory noise / distress
  • Dysphagia
  • Coughing
  • Exercise Intolerance
  • Nasal discharge - Blood, Purulent material, Ingesta
  • Facial deformity
  • Neurological signs
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9
Q

Which presenting signs are the most emergency?

A

Respiratory distress and bloody nasal discharge

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10
Q

What information needs to be gathered about the nature of any nasal discharge?

A
  • Where does it come from? i.e. unilateral or bilateral
  • Duration
  • Nature of it
  • Evidence of trauma
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11
Q

Why is it important to know if nasal discharge is unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral: at or rostral to nasal septum
• Sinus or nasal passages
Bilateral: behind nasal septum
• GP, Larynx, pharynx, lower respiratory tract

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12
Q

Why is it important to know the duration that the horse has been owned

A

Important to know how long the owner has had the horse, they might have noticed a problem that has actually been going on for much longer

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13
Q

What are some different natures of discharge

A

Serous
Blood
Purulent
Food material

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14
Q

What characteristics of any respiratory noise should be noted?

A
  • Severity of obstruction
  • When: rest/exercise?
  • Inspiratory/ Expiratory/ Both
  • What does the noise sound like? i.e. Whistle / roar / gurgle / snoring
  • Continuous/intermittent?
  • Poor performance?
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15
Q

How should a horse with abnormal URT be examined at rest? Where is being assessed?

A
  • Look, listen, palpate
  • General physical examination at rest
  • Examine all body systems
  • Concurrent disease
  • Respiratory rate & character
  • AUSCULTATION of thorax and trachea
  • REBREATHING
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16
Q

Which easily seen sign on observation shows that a horse has an increased respiratory effort?

A

Nostril flare – a horse at rest should not have this

17
Q

What should be examined when looking at the horses head?

A
  • Symmetry
  • Nasal/ocular discharge
  • Airflow from both nostrils
  • Percussion of sinuses
  • Palpation of larynx
  • Previous surgical scars
18
Q

Name 4 example sounds that are normal if heard at exercise

A
  • Snorting
  • ‘High blowing’
  • Sheath noise
  • ‘Thick wind’
19
Q

Name 4 example sounds that are abnormal if heard at exercise

A

Whistle / roar / gurgle / snoring

20
Q

Name some methods used for diagnostic head imaging

A
  • Endoscopy
  • Radiography
  • Sinoscopy
  • CT
  • Ultrasonography
  • MRI
21
Q

What are the advantages of using endoscopy?

A
  • Widely available, affordable
  • Minimally invasive
  • Directly visualise regions of the head
22
Q

What are the 3 main indications for endoscopy use?

A
  • Nasal discharge / malodour
  • Respiratory noise
  • Dysphagia
23
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic method for noise heard at exercise?

A

Exercising endoscopy
• Important tool for assessment of poor performance
• More accurate assessment of dynamic airway function

24
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic method for assessing bony / dental structures?

A

Radiography

25
Q

What are the advantages of using radiography?

A
  • Images can be obtained with portable machines

* Easy to perform many of the standard views

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of using radiography?

A
  • Complex anatomy

* 2 dimensional images

27
Q

What are the 3 standard views when taking radiographs?

A
  • Latero-lateral
  • Lateral oblique
  • Dorso-ventral
28
Q

When is a Latero- Lateral View used?

A

Good for assessing the paranasal sinuses, guttural pouches & pharynx

29
Q

When is a Lateral oblique view used?

A
  • Used most commonly to assess the periapical regions of the cheek teeth for evidence of infection
  • No Superimposition of teeth apices
  • 30 degree angulation maxillary arcades
  • 45 degree angulation mandibular arcades
30
Q

When is a dorso-ventral view used?

A
  • Assessment of paranasal sinuses, nasal septum and teeth

* Helps to determine if lesions unilateral / bilateral

31
Q

When is an intra-oral view used?

A
  • Assessment of incisor teeth and associated bone

* Fractures of incisor teeth / associated bone

32
Q

Describe the features and uses of sinoscopy

A
  • More invasive than routine endoscopy
  • Easily performed under standing sedation with local anaesthesia
  • Minimally invasive means of visualizing the paranasal sinuses
  • Enables surgical treatment to be undertaken & ongoing monitoring and lavage of sinuses
33
Q

What are the advantages of CT?

A
  • Gold standard
  • Affordable and cost effective
  • Cross-sectional images
  • Superior resolution
  • Tissue density measurement
34
Q

What some indications for CT use?

A
  • Dental disease
  • Masses within the paranasal sinuses / nasal passages
  • Trauma
35
Q

What are some important used of ultrasonography in the head?

A
  • Ophthalmic
  • Soft tissue swellings external to the skull
  • Assessment of skull bones / TMJ
  • Larynx
36
Q

Why are MRIs rarely performed?

A
  • Limited to only a few facilities
  • Requires general anaesthesia
  • £££
  • Time

Y3 MOD Dentistry (11 decks)

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