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Urinary > Equine Bladder Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Bladder Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Renal innervation in horses is primarily
_________

A

Sympathetic

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2
Q

Sympathetic inn. To kidney is via:

A

Aortico-renal/celiac-mesenterio ganglia

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3
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to kidney comes from the:

A

Vagus nerve

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4
Q

Adrenergic stimulation increases
______ and diuresis

A

renal blood flow (RBF)

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5
Q

Xylazine is an alpha-2 agonist. True or false?

A

TRUE

(Will see diuresis and increased renal blood flow upon administration)

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6
Q

Sympathetic innervation to bladder:
- ________ nerve

Parasympathetic innervation to bladder:
______ nerve

Somatic Innervation to bladder:
- ____________

A

hypogastric

Pelvic

Pudendal nerve (to external urethral sphincter)

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7
Q

Stimulation of pelvic nerve:
- contraction of detrusor muscle + relaxation of urethral sphincter = __________

A

Urination

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8
Q

Stimulation of hypogastric nerve:
= relaxation of detrusor muscle, contraction of urethral sphincter =
_______________

A

Urine retention

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9
Q

Bladder contraction is primarily a ________ process

A

Cholinergic

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10
Q

Low sodium, low chloride, high K+, azotemia

3 day old foal with distended abdomen, lethargy, diarrhea, dry mm, mid colic:

= you should be suspicious of what?

A

Uroabdomen

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11
Q

Uroabdomen post foaling is linked to: ________ ______

A

umbilical infections
(Omphalophlebitis, urachitis)

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12
Q

Clinical signs of uroabdomen in horses:

-straining to urinate
_ ___________ urine

-stretched out stance

  • lethargy, weakness, tachypea, tachy OR bradycardia
  • ________ distension
  • _______
A

Dribbling

Abdominal

Sepsis (possible)

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13
Q

Other DDX for azotemia in newborn foal:

  • dehydration

-_______

-renal ischemia/hypoxia

-placental insufficiency (non-renal azotemia)

-_____ ________

A

Sepsis

Lab error

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14
Q

A ruptured bladder in a foal is a medical emergency. True or false?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Fantastic 4 to treat Hyperkalemia in any species:

A

calcium gluconate

Insulin

Sodium bicarbonate

Dextrose

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16
Q

Why use bicarbonate to treat Hyperkalemia?
- bicarbonate grabs ______ from inside cell
-K+ replaces _____ loss and goes inside the cell

A

H+

H+

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17
Q

Why use calcium gluconate to treat Hyperkalemia?

A

Calcium = sodium channel antagonist
Calcium blocks sodium channels

Calcium stabilizes the VG Na+ channel so it stays closed + prevents hyperexcitability

(If sodium rushes in cell, depolarization occurs and AP fires)

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18
Q

Why give insulin to treat Hyperkalemia?

A

Stimulates Na+/K+ ATPas pump
(3 sodium out of cell, 2 potassium in cell)

= drives K+ intracellularly!

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19
Q

Why give glucose to treat Hyperkalemia?

A

To stimulate endogenous insulin release

Insulin drives K+ intracellularly

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20
Q

Why care about Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?

A

horsey can drop dead

21
Q

Ruptured bladder pathogenesis:

  1. From ________ bladder pressure during foaling
  2. From ________ (umbilical infections, patent urachus, urachitis)
A

Increased

Sepsis

22
Q

Loss of bladder control is rare in horses. True or false?

A

TRUE

23
Q

If a horse has urinary incontinence, this is a serious condition.

A

TRUE

This means that pressure in bladder is exceeeding urethral pressure

24
Q

Micturition problems in horses are in 3 groups:

A
  1. UMN bladder
  2. LMN bladder
  3. Myogenic bladder
25
Q

UMN bladder = bladder is _____ and ______

A

Tense, stiff (spastic)

26
Q

LMN bladder = _____, _______

A

Paralytic, atonic

Floppy bladder!

27
Q

myogenic bladder = ____- ___________ bladder

A

Non-neurogenic

(No tone, atonic bladder)

28
Q

Bladder dysfunction clinical signs:

A

Dribbling urine

Scalding of perineum (mares), ventral abdomen, limbs

29
Q

Urinary incontinence in horses is more common in adults than foals. True or false?

A

TRUE

30
Q

LMN bladder in a horse has a _______ prognosis

A

Poor

31
Q

Causes of LMN bladder in horses:

  1. Trauma
  2. EHV-1
  3. ______ grass
  4. ______
  5. Infections
  6. Injections
A

Sudan

Tumors

32
Q

Urinary incontinence in horses is usually associated with ____ _______ ______

A

Spinal cord trauma/lesions

33
Q

What is evidence of LMN and lumbosacral dysfunction in a horse?

A

Loss of anal tone, tail paralysis, hypocalcemia, muscle atrophy, ataxia

34
Q

Myogenic incontinence occurs with _____ Urolithiasis

A

Sabulous (sandy gritty bladder sludge)

35
Q

Sabulous material in horses is mainly made of _______ _________

A

Calcium carbonate

Same as rabbits!

36
Q

Sediment accumulation in the bladder prevents it from contracting properly. True or false?

A

TRUE

37
Q

Bethanechol = increases smooth muscle contractility

True or false?

A

TRUE

38
Q

Bethanechol is a cholinergic receptor ______

A

Agonist

ACh analog, activates muscarinic receptors

39
Q

Phenoxybenzamaine and prazosin are adrenergic antagonists. True or false?

A

TRUE

40
Q

Diazepam causes muscle relaxation. True or false?

A

TRUE

41
Q

Signs of urolithiasis are more evident when stones are in the _____ and _____ than in the kidneys

A

Bladder, urethra

42
Q

Male, adult geldings are predisposed to urolithiasis. True or false?

A

TRUE

43
Q

Stones in horses are typically _____ _____ stones

A

Calcium carbonate

Just like buns!

44
Q

In horses, stones are often ______ and ______

A

Spherical and spiculated

45
Q

Urine culture is ________ for horses with urolithiasis

A

Indicated

46
Q

Uroliths in horses are often positive for what 2 bacteria?

A

E. coli and streptococcus spp

47
Q

Mucous in horse urine may inhibit calcium carbonate aggregation. True or false?

A

TRUE

48
Q

Horses excrete large amounts of ____ _______ in their urine.

Their urine is __________

A

Calcium carbonate

Alkaline (herbivores = alkaline urine)

Urinary (8 decks)

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