Equine Bladder Diseases Flashcards
Renal innervation in horses is primarily
_________
Sympathetic
Sympathetic inn. To kidney is via:
Aortico-renal/celiac-mesenterio ganglia
Parasympathetic innervation to kidney comes from the:
Vagus nerve
Adrenergic stimulation increases
______ and diuresis
renal blood flow (RBF)
Xylazine is an alpha-2 agonist. True or false?
TRUE
(Will see diuresis and increased renal blood flow upon administration)
Sympathetic innervation to bladder:
- ________ nerve
Parasympathetic innervation to bladder:
______ nerve
Somatic Innervation to bladder:
- ____________
hypogastric
Pelvic
Pudendal nerve (to external urethral sphincter)
Stimulation of pelvic nerve:
- contraction of detrusor muscle + relaxation of urethral sphincter = __________
Urination
Stimulation of hypogastric nerve:
= relaxation of detrusor muscle, contraction of urethral sphincter =
_______________
Urine retention
Bladder contraction is primarily a ________ process
Cholinergic
Low sodium, low chloride, high K+, azotemia
3 day old foal with distended abdomen, lethargy, diarrhea, dry mm, mid colic:
= you should be suspicious of what?
Uroabdomen
Uroabdomen post foaling is linked to: ________ ______
umbilical infections
(Omphalophlebitis, urachitis)
Clinical signs of uroabdomen in horses:
-straining to urinate
_ ___________ urine
-stretched out stance
- lethargy, weakness, tachypea, tachy OR bradycardia
- ________ distension
- _______
Dribbling
Abdominal
Sepsis (possible)
Other DDX for azotemia in newborn foal:
- dehydration
-_______
-renal ischemia/hypoxia
-placental insufficiency (non-renal azotemia)
-_____ ________
Sepsis
Lab error
A ruptured bladder in a foal is a medical emergency. True or false?
TRUE
Fantastic 4 to treat Hyperkalemia in any species:
calcium gluconate
Insulin
Sodium bicarbonate
Dextrose
Why use bicarbonate to treat Hyperkalemia?
- bicarbonate grabs ______ from inside cell
-K+ replaces _____ loss and goes inside the cell
H+
H+
Why use calcium gluconate to treat Hyperkalemia?
Calcium = sodium channel antagonist
Calcium blocks sodium channels
Calcium stabilizes the VG Na+ channel so it stays closed + prevents hyperexcitability
(If sodium rushes in cell, depolarization occurs and AP fires)
Why give insulin to treat Hyperkalemia?
Stimulates Na+/K+ ATPas pump
(3 sodium out of cell, 2 potassium in cell)
= drives K+ intracellularly!
Why give glucose to treat Hyperkalemia?
To stimulate endogenous insulin release
Insulin drives K+ intracellularly
Why care about Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
horsey can drop dead
Ruptured bladder pathogenesis:
- From ________ bladder pressure during foaling
- From ________ (umbilical infections, patent urachus, urachitis)
Increased
Sepsis
Loss of bladder control is rare in horses. True or false?
TRUE
If a horse has urinary incontinence, this is a serious condition.
TRUE
This means that pressure in bladder is exceeeding urethral pressure
Micturition problems in horses are in 3 groups:
- UMN bladder
- LMN bladder
- Myogenic bladder
UMN bladder = bladder is _____ and ______
Tense, stiff (spastic)
LMN bladder = _____, _______
Paralytic, atonic
Floppy bladder!
myogenic bladder = ____- ___________ bladder
Non-neurogenic
(No tone, atonic bladder)
Bladder dysfunction clinical signs:
Dribbling urine
Scalding of perineum (mares), ventral abdomen, limbs
Urinary incontinence in horses is more common in adults than foals. True or false?
TRUE
LMN bladder in a horse has a _______ prognosis
Poor
Causes of LMN bladder in horses:
- Trauma
- EHV-1
- ______ grass
- ______
- Infections
- Injections
Sudan
Tumors
Urinary incontinence in horses is usually associated with ____ _______ ______
Spinal cord trauma/lesions
What is evidence of LMN and lumbosacral dysfunction in a horse?
Loss of anal tone, tail paralysis, hypocalcemia, muscle atrophy, ataxia
Myogenic incontinence occurs with _____ Urolithiasis
Sabulous (sandy gritty bladder sludge)
Sabulous material in horses is mainly made of _______ _________
Calcium carbonate
Same as rabbits!
Sediment accumulation in the bladder prevents it from contracting properly. True or false?
TRUE
Bethanechol = increases smooth muscle contractility
True or false?
TRUE
Bethanechol is a cholinergic receptor ______
Agonist
ACh analog, activates muscarinic receptors
Phenoxybenzamaine and prazosin are adrenergic antagonists. True or false?
TRUE
Diazepam causes muscle relaxation. True or false?
TRUE
Signs of urolithiasis are more evident when stones are in the _____ and _____ than in the kidneys
Bladder, urethra
Male, adult geldings are predisposed to urolithiasis. True or false?
TRUE
Stones in horses are typically _____ _____ stones
Calcium carbonate
Just like buns!
In horses, stones are often ______ and ______
Spherical and spiculated
Urine culture is ________ for horses with urolithiasis
Indicated
Uroliths in horses are often positive for what 2 bacteria?
E. coli and streptococcus spp
Mucous in horse urine may inhibit calcium carbonate aggregation. True or false?
TRUE
Horses excrete large amounts of ____ _______ in their urine.
Their urine is __________
Calcium carbonate
Alkaline (herbivores = alkaline urine)
