Equine Bladder Diseases

Question 1

Renal innervation in horses is primarily
_________

Answer 1

Sympathetic

Question 2

Sympathetic inn. To kidney is via:

Answer 2

Aortico-renal/celiac-mesenterio ganglia

Question 3

Parasympathetic innervation to kidney comes from the:

Answer 3

Vagus nerve

Question 4

Adrenergic stimulation increases
______ and diuresis

Answer 4

renal blood flow (RBF)

Question 5

Xylazine is an alpha-2 agonist. True or false?

Answer 5

TRUE

(Will see diuresis and increased renal blood flow upon administration)

Question 6

Sympathetic innervation to bladder:
- ________ nerve

Parasympathetic innervation to bladder:
______ nerve

Somatic Innervation to bladder:
- ____________

Answer 6

hypogastric

Pelvic

Pudendal nerve (to external urethral sphincter)

Question 7

Stimulation of pelvic nerve:
- contraction of detrusor muscle + relaxation of urethral sphincter = __________

Answer 7

Urination

Question 8

Stimulation of hypogastric nerve:
= relaxation of detrusor muscle, contraction of urethral sphincter =
_______________

Answer 8

Urine retention

Question 9

Bladder contraction is primarily a ________ process

Answer 9

Cholinergic

Question 10

Low sodium, low chloride, high K+, azotemia

3 day old foal with distended abdomen, lethargy, diarrhea, dry mm, mid colic:

= you should be suspicious of what?

Answer 10

Uroabdomen

Question 11

Uroabdomen post foaling is linked to: ________ ______

Answer 11

umbilical infections
(Omphalophlebitis, urachitis)

Question 12

Clinical signs of uroabdomen in horses:

-straining to urinate
_ ___________ urine

-stretched out stance

• lethargy, weakness, tachypea, tachy OR bradycardia
• ________ distension
• _______

Answer 12

Dribbling

Abdominal

Sepsis (possible)

Question 13

Other DDX for azotemia in newborn foal:

• dehydration

-_______

-renal ischemia/hypoxia

-placental insufficiency (non-renal azotemia)

-_____ ________

Answer 13

Sepsis

Lab error

Question 14

A ruptured bladder in a foal is a medical emergency. True or false?

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

Fantastic 4 to treat Hyperkalemia in any species:

Answer 15

calcium gluconate

Insulin

Sodium bicarbonate

Dextrose

Question 16

Why use bicarbonate to treat Hyperkalemia?
- bicarbonate grabs ______ from inside cell
-K+ replaces _____ loss and goes inside the cell

Answer 16

H+

H+

Question 17

Why use calcium gluconate to treat Hyperkalemia?

Answer 17

Calcium = sodium channel antagonist
Calcium blocks sodium channels

Calcium stabilizes the VG Na+ channel so it stays closed + prevents hyperexcitability

(If sodium rushes in cell, depolarization occurs and AP fires)

Question 18

Why give insulin to treat Hyperkalemia?

Answer 18

Stimulates Na+/K+ ATPas pump
(3 sodium out of cell, 2 potassium in cell)

= drives K+ intracellularly!

Question 19

Why give glucose to treat Hyperkalemia?

Answer 19

To stimulate endogenous insulin release

Insulin drives K+ intracellularly

Question 20

Why care about Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?

Answer 20

horsey can drop dead

Question 21

Ruptured bladder pathogenesis:

1. From ________ bladder pressure during foaling
2. From ________ (umbilical infections, patent urachus, urachitis)

Answer 21

Increased

Sepsis

Question 22

Loss of bladder control is rare in horses. True or false?

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

If a horse has urinary incontinence, this is a serious condition.

Answer 23

TRUE

This means that pressure in bladder is exceeeding urethral pressure

Question 24

Micturition problems in horses are in 3 groups:

Answer 24

1. UMN bladder
2. LMN bladder
3. Myogenic bladder

Question 25

UMN bladder = bladder is _____ and ______

Answer 25

Tense, stiff (spastic)

Question 26

LMN bladder = _____, _______

Answer 26

Paralytic, atonic Floppy bladder!

Question 27

myogenic bladder = ____- ___________ bladder

Answer 27

Non-neurogenic (No tone, atonic bladder)

Question 28

Bladder dysfunction clinical signs:

Answer 28

Dribbling urine Scalding of perineum (mares), ventral abdomen, limbs

Question 29

Urinary incontinence in horses is more common in adults than foals. True or false?

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

LMN bladder in a horse has a _______ prognosis

Answer 30

Poor

Question 31

Causes of LMN bladder in horses: 1. Trauma 2. EHV-1 3. ______ grass 4. ______ 5. Infections 6. Injections

Answer 31

Sudan Tumors

Question 32

Urinary incontinence in horses is usually associated with ____ _______ ______

Answer 32

Spinal cord trauma/lesions

Question 33

What is evidence of LMN and lumbosacral dysfunction in a horse?

Answer 33

Loss of anal tone, tail paralysis, hypocalcemia, muscle atrophy, ataxia

Question 34

Myogenic incontinence occurs with _____ Urolithiasis

Answer 34

Sabulous (sandy gritty bladder sludge)

Question 35

Sabulous material in horses is mainly made of _______ _________

Answer 35

Calcium carbonate Same as rabbits!

Question 36

Sediment accumulation in the bladder prevents it from contracting properly. True or false?

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

Bethanechol = increases smooth muscle contractility True or false?

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

Bethanechol is a cholinergic receptor ______

Answer 38

Agonist ACh analog, activates muscarinic receptors

Question 39

Phenoxybenzamaine and prazosin are adrenergic antagonists. True or false?

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

Diazepam causes muscle relaxation. True or false?

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Signs of urolithiasis are more evident when stones are in the _____ and _____ than in the kidneys

Answer 41

Bladder, urethra

Question 42

Male, adult geldings are predisposed to urolithiasis. True or false?

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

Stones in horses are typically _____ _____ stones

Answer 43

Calcium carbonate Just like buns!

Question 44

In horses, stones are often ______ and ______

Answer 44

Spherical and spiculated

Question 45

Urine culture is ________ for horses with urolithiasis

Answer 45

Indicated

Question 46

Uroliths in horses are often positive for what 2 bacteria?

Answer 46

E. coli and streptococcus spp

Question 47

Mucous in horse urine may inhibit calcium carbonate aggregation. True or false?

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

Horses excrete large amounts of ____ _______ in their urine. Their urine is __________

Answer 48

Calcium carbonate Alkaline (herbivores = alkaline urine)