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Therio Midterm > Equine Andrology > Flashcards

Equine Andrology Flashcards

1
Q

reasons for performing a BSE

A
  • prepurchase
  • before the breeding season
  • problem
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2
Q

history of breeding stallion

A
  • athletic background
  • physical health
  • breeding history
    • program type
    • pregnancy rates
    • management
    • vaccinations
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3
Q

physical exam for BSE

A
  • identification
  • TPR
  • eyes (see stimuli)
  • legs
  • mouth
  • respiratory system, cardio
  • body condition
  • possible heritable conditions
  • reproductive tract
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4
Q

physical examination of reproductive tract

A
  • preliminary assessment of external genitalia
    • before semen collection
  • thorough examination
    • penis- after sexual arousal; before washing
    • testes and accessory sex glands
      • after semen collection
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5
Q

penile abnormalities

A
  • trauma
  • paraphimosis
  • penile paralysis
  • priapism (can’t withdraw penis due to prolonged erection)
  • tumors (usually SCC)
  • habronemiasis
  • infections
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6
Q

paraphimosis

A
  • inability to retract penis back to the prepuce
  • various causes
    • trauma
    • inflammation
    • phenothiazine tranquilizers
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7
Q

treatment of paraphimosis

A
  • replacing penis into prepucial cavity
  • hydrotherapy
  • massage
  • local ointments
  • abx
  • NSAIDs
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8
Q

evaluation of stallion’s sexual behavior

A
  • during semen evaluation, or separate
  • receptive to estrous mare
  • gentle handling
  • “friendly environment”
  • precopulatory responses
  • copulation
  • ejaculation
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9
Q

swabs for bacterial cultures

A
  • pre-wash
    • prepuce
    • body of penis
    • fossa glandis
  • post-wash
    • urethra
  • post-ejaculation
    • urethra
    • semen
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10
Q

local bacerial infectious

A
  • bacteria that may cause venereal diseases
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM-reportable disease)
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11
Q

semen collection

A
  • collect 2 samples approximately 1 hour apart
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12
Q

methods and equipment for semen collection in stallion

A
  • artificial vagina (Colorado, Missouri)
  • condom
  • manual stimulation
  • pharmacologically induced
  • mount source
    • jump mare
    • phantom
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13
Q

stallion semen evaluation

A
  • volume
  • color (and smell)
  • +/- pH
  • motility
  • concentration
  • morphology
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14
Q

evaluation of motility of equine sperm

A
  • total (%)
  • progressive (%)
  • velocity (1-4)
    • ≥ 60% progressive
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15
Q

determining concentration of sperm

A
  • number of sperm in 1 mL of semen
  • hemocytometer
  • spectrophotometer
  • total sperm number (109) = volume (mL) x concentration (106 sperm/mL)
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16
Q

evaluate sperm morphology in stallion

A
  • ≥ 60% normal
  • various methods
    • phase-contrast
    • eosin-nigrosin
    • diff quick
  • sperm defects
    • individual defects %
17
Q

evaluation of stallion scrotum

A
  • visual inspection
  • palpation
  • ultrasound evaluation
  • testicular boipsy
  • aspiration cytology
18
Q

visual inspection stallion scrotum

A
  • symmetry
  • shape
  • integrity of skin
19
Q

palpation of stallion scrotum

A
  • presence of both scrotal testes
  • texture
  • sensitivity
  • local temperature
  • mobility within vaginal cavity
  • location of tail of epididymis
  • presence of palpable abnormal structures
20
Q

measuring stallion scrotum

A
  • calipers, ultrasound
  • total scrotal width
    • correlated with volume of testicular parenchyma
    • correlated with sperm production capacity
    • concern when less than 8 cm
  • all dimensions of testes
    • ​testicular volume can be calculated-corelated with daily sperm output
21
Q

scrotal abnormalities

A
  • enlarged scrotum
    • torsion of spermatic cord
    • hernia
    • testicular tumor (seminoma)
    • periorchitis
    • hydrocele
22
Q

torsion of spermatic cord ≤ 180˚

A
  • no clinical signs
  • still fertile, blood flow still good
23
Q

torsion of spermatic cord >180˚

A
  • severe colic
  • scrotal swelling
  • testicular ischemia
  • negative effects on contralateral testis
  • treatment
    • ​surgical
24
Q

inguinal/scrotal hernia

A
  • intestines enter the vaginal cavity through the vaginal ring
  • predisposing factors
    • enlarged vaginal ring
    • breeding
    • exercise
    • transport
25
Q

diagnosis & treatment of inguinal/scrotal hernia

A
  • dx
    • rectal palpation
      • inguinal rings
    • ultrasound evaluation
      • intestines in vaginal cavity
  • tx
    • surgical
    • castration recommended (hereditary?)
26
Q

stallion internal genitalia

A
  • vas deferens: ampulla
  • vesicular gland
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
27
Q

occluded ampullae

A
  • incidence: rare
  • etiology
    • unknown
      • individual predisposition: “sperm accumulators”
      • low frequency of ejaculations
    • physical causes
      • cystic abnormalities
28
Q

clinical signs of occluded ampullae

A
  • azoospermia (no sperm in ejaculate)
  • large numbers of tailess sperm heads
29
Q

diagnosis of occluded ampullae

A
  • rectal palpation
    • prominent ampullae
  • ultrasound evaluation
    • enlarged lumen of ampullae
    • hyperechoic content in terminal parts of deferent ducts
30
Q

treatment of occluded ampullae

A
  • manual massage per rectum
  • administration of oxytocin before ejaculation
  • frequent ejaculation
31
Q

seminal vesiculitis

A
  • incidence: rare
  • etiology
    • bacterial infection
      • Klebsiella aeruginosa
      • Pseudomonas pneumoniae
      • Streptococcus zooepidemicus
32
Q

clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis

A
  • infertility
  • poor semen quality
  • pyospermia
  • hemospermia
33
Q

diagnosis of seminal vesiculitis

A
  • clinical signs
  • inflammatory cells in semen
  • positive culture results
  • +/- urethroscopy
34
Q

treatment of seminal vesiculitis

A
  • endoscopic lavage of vesicular glands
  • endoscopic infusion of abx into vesicular glands lumen
  • systemic abx +/- enrofloxacin
35
Q

testing for Equine Viral Arteritis

A
  • serum neutralization or complement fixation
    • blood serum
  • virus isolation or detection of viral nucleic acid
    • semen
36
Q

BSE classification

A
  • satisfactory
  • questionable
  • unsatisfactory
37
Q

satisfactory breeding prospect

A
  • free of venereal pathogens
  • ≥60% progressively motile sperm
  • ≥60% morphologically normal sperm
  • ≥ 1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm
  • natural service book (40 mares)
  • AI book (120 mares)
38
Q

what does a BSE actually assess?

A
  • fertility potential only, not actual fertility
  • test results are only valid for the day of the exam
  • cannot be used to guarantee what the animal will do in the future

Therio Midterm (8 decks)

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