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Mod 7 (Large animal) > Equine A & P study guide > Flashcards

Equine A & P study guide Flashcards

1
Q

everything that is included in an equine physical exam

A

History
Observing the animal (Behavior, posture, body condition, alertness, swelling/lameness, wounds, muscle atrophy)
Heart auscultation, Abdominal auscultation, Hydration status, Height and weight

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2
Q

What is the normal PCV/TP for equids

A

32-52%

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3
Q

What is the significance of fibrinogen values for horses

A

Horses WBC don’t rapidly increase like other animals so an increase in fibrinogen will tell us if there is inflammation/infections

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4
Q

Fibrinogen values that are considered normal

A

ACL Fibrinogen : 150-375 mg/dL
Fibrinogen (miller) : 200-450 mg/dL

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5
Q

Which muscles are in control of skin twitching, and where are they located?

A

Cutaneous trunci
Located in the fascia just below the skin

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6
Q

What are the equine blood types?

A

A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (research interest)

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7
Q

What are factors in regards to blood types?

A

Factors determine whether they will be able to do a blood transplant

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8
Q

What is NI and what causes it?

A

NI is Neonatal isoerythrolysis. This is a condition a foal can get from their mother from colostrum.

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9
Q

What is a teaser mare? How should one be utilized?

A

A teaser mare will be a mare that is shown to the stallion to see how willing they are. There will be an artificial vagina that will collect the semen if they are willing.

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10
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the horse?

A

C7-T18-L6-S5-Cox15-21

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11
Q

describe the anatomy/structure of the equine carpus

A

2 parallel rows of short bones

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12
Q

describe the anatomy/structure of the equine tarsus.

A

Made up of 5 joints 6 bones a lined in 3 rows

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13
Q

What are the splint bones and where are they located?

A

Incomplete metacarpal bones located on either side of the cannon bone

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14
Q

How do horses ferment their food?

A

Where the microbes break down the ingested plant material

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15
Q

describe in great detail the anatomy of the equine forelimb

A

Consists of the proximal portions of the ulna and connects with the radius midshaft

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16
Q

describe in great detail the anatomy of the equine hind limb.

A

Starts with the pelvis, on the cranial end of the ilium and has large medial and lateral processes on each side, at the distal end the femur joins to the patella and tibia to form the stifle joint, the patella is known as the kneecap located in the distal tendon

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17
Q

What is the equine dental formula?

A

Deciduous teeth: 2 (i 3/3, c 0/0, p 3/3, m - 0/0)=24
Adults: 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3 or 4/3, M 3/3)= 40 or 42

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18
Q

What type of placental attachment do horses have?

A

Diffuse

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19
Q

How early can rectal palpation determine if a mare is pregnant?

A

25-28 days

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20
Q

When does udder development of the mare occur?

A

2-6 weeks prior to foaling

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21
Q

What is waxing?

A

When colostrum drips from the teats and drys

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22
Q

Stage 1 of parturition

A

signs of abdominal discomfort, restlessness, sweat in elbow/flank area, chorioallantois ruptures at the cervix indicating thats the end of stage one

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23
Q

Stage 2 of parturition

A

Starts with the chorioallantois rupturing and ends when fetus is expelled, they should be in a diving position with one limb slightly forward, this stage lasts between 15 and 30 minutes

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24
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

passing of placenta, passes within 3 hours, if takes longer than 3 hours a vet should be called, if not expelled after 6-8 hours treatment for a retained placenta needs to begin

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25
1-2-3 rule in regards to foals
standing within one hour nursing within 2 hours pass first feces within 3 hours
26
Describe how ot change the diet of a horse
Diet change should take 2-3 weeks
27
How can you age a horse based on its teeth?
Occurrence of tooth Disappearance of cups Angle of incidence Shape of the surface of the tooth Galcaynes groove
28
How do horses prevent hyperthermia?
by sweating
29
Corium regions
Laminar Perioplic corium Coronary corium Sole corium Frog corium
30
Laminar region of the corium
primary and secondary lamina, located between the hoof wall and P3 to provide nutrients to the stratum internum
31
Perioplic region of the corium
found within the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients to the overlying periople
32
Coronary region of the corium
within the coronary sulcus and provides nutrients to the stratum externum and stratum medium
33
Sole region of the corium
located superior to the sole and provides to the sole
34
Frog region of the corium
located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog
35
What are the regions of the hoof wall
Toe- front of the hoof Quarters - lateral aspects of the hoof Heel - portion that tapers downwards and wraps around the back of the hoof
36
What is the frog and the purpose
Thick horny, triangular shape piece of tissue that is insensitive. Aids in digital cushion and lateral cartilages in blood circulation throughout the foot
37
Average lifespan of an equines erythrocyte?
150 days
38
What is the average heart size of a horse?
About 1% of the horses bodyweight
39
How much blood can the spleen hold?
25 liters
40
What are guttural pouches?
Diverticula of the eustachian tubes, connecting middle ear to the pharynx.
41
Where are the guttural pouches located?
Expand from the eustachian tube with one on each side of the horses head
42
Describe the stallion breeding soundness exam
Begins with a physical exam looking for conformation, behavior, and any physical trait that could pass on to future generations, the penis must be able to fully retract, testicles must be developed, reproductive system as a whole should have no abnormalities, growths, swellings
43
Describe the stallions reproductive tract
Testes are responsible for producing the sperm and male sex hormones. Scrotum is located in the inguinal region between the thighs, can remain fertile into their 20s but should do a semen analysis
44
What kind of teeth do horses have?
Hypsodontic teeth meaning they continuously grow during most of the horses life
45
What is a flehmen response?
Detection of analysis of pheromones, chemical signals emanating from other horses usually trying to determine the sexual status.
46
What organ is responsible for the flehmen response?
vomeronasal
47
Roughly how much feedstuff can the stomach hold?
9-15 liters
48
Compartments of the stomach?
Saccus caecus Fundic region Pylorus
49
Describe the small intestine
28% of the digestive tract, 49-72 feet long, volume of 55-70 liters, major site of digestion, broken down into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, enzymatic breakdown of proteins, fats, starches, and sugars, produces a small amount of digestive enzymes
50
Describe the large intestine
Bulk of digestion occurs and is the remaining amount of the GI tract about 62%, about 23 feet in length, volume of 140-150 liters, consists of cecum, large/ascending colon, small colon, rectum, and anus, AKA hindgut
51
Describe the cecum
Has a blind sac about 4 feet long, can hold around 28-36 liters of feel and fluid. Feed remains here for about 7 hours to allow bacteria to break it down, microbes produce Vit. K, B-complex, proteins, and fatty acids. Vitamins and fatty acids will be absorbed, very little protein will be absorbed if any. Entrance and exit are at the top of the organ, feed enters at the top, mixes through, exits back through the top. Can cause problems if there's too much dry feed and not enough water intake.
52
Describe the ascending colon
Consists of the right and left central colons and dorsal colon, about 10-11.5 feet long and hold about 86 liters. Fermentation occurs here, most nutrients made from microbial digestion is absorbed here, ventral colons have “sacculated” construction, facilitates the digestion of large quantities of fibrous materials, pouches can easily become twisted and fill with gas due to fermentation of the feed, will take food 7 hours to reach it and will stay there for about 48-65 hours
53
Where are fecal balls formed?
Small colon
54
When does a mares and stallions fertility begin to decline?
Mare : 10-12 years old Stallion : 20s ish
55
When do fillys and colts reach puberty?
Fillys : 18 months ish Colts : 12-14 months
56
Types of breeding
Live cover AI Embryo transfer Semen collection
57
Normal RR
6-16 bpm
58
Normal HR
28-44 bpm
59
Normal temp
99-101.5 degrees F
60
Normal MM
bubble gum pink
61
Normal CRT
1-2 seconds

Mod 7 (Large animal) (3 decks)

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