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Repro > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the proper configuration of the mare vulva in relation to the anus

A

the proximal 2/3 of the vulva length should be central to the tuber ischium

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2
Q

During pregnancy and diestrus the cervix is under the influence of ___ and creates a protective seal

A

progesterone

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3
Q

True/false: the equine cervix has 4 annular rings

A

false, they have longitudinal folds

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4
Q

Why is the equine cervix easy to transverse/get through? especially during AI?

A

it has longitudinal folds as compared to annular rings

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5
Q

True/False: the equine ovary is the same as other species, as in the cortex is on the outside and the medulla is on the inside

A

false, it is reverse

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6
Q

Where does ovulation occur in an equine ovary

A

the ovulation fossa as compare to other species that ovulate from any part of the ovarian surface

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7
Q

True/False: you are able to palpate follicles but not CLs? why or why not

A

true, because the CL do not protrude to the ovarian surface, the grow inward

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8
Q

When is the onset of mare puberty

A

12-24 months

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9
Q

What two things affect the onset of puberty?

A

age at time of breeding season
body condition/nutrition

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10
Q

At what age are most mares first bred?

A

> 3yrs

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11
Q

What is the equine breeding pattern/season

A

seasonally polyestrus, long day breeders

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12
Q

True/False: breeding is primarily controlled by photoperiod

A

true

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13
Q

Describe how photoperiod regulates reproduction in mares

A

-melatonin is synthesized and secreted in the pineal gland
-decreases the synthesis of GnRH
-so during short days, melationin increases yielding GnRH inhibition this anestrus

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14
Q

What is the average estrus cycle length

A

21 days

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15
Q

True/False: Mares experience spontaneous ovulation

A

true

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16
Q

When is the physiological breeding season

A

April - Sept/Oct

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17
Q

What three things are characteristic of the mare spring transition?

A

-increased release of hypotholamic GnRH
-follicular development occurs but no ovulation due to insufficient LH release
-receptive behavior but irregular and often lengthy heat periods

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18
Q

What are two things characteristic of mare fall transition?

A

behavior and ovulation become erratic
may develop large anovulatory follicles

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19
Q

How does mare behavior towards the stallion differ between the anestrus and diestrus periods?

A

-anestrus: the mare is indifferent/passive, and may or may not be receptive
-diestrus: mare is aggressive, kicking, etc

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20
Q

True/False: all mares, once they enter the non breeding season (winter), do not cycle

A

false, 20-25% of mares may continue to cycle through the winter

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21
Q

Industry push to have foals born close to ___

A

january 1st

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22
Q

If you want a mare to foal as close ot Jan 1st as possible when should you introduce light?

A

Dec 1st

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23
Q

What is the average estrus cycle length of the mare

A

21days

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24
Q

What is the size of a mare follicle at ovulation

A

40mm

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25
Q

Why does the size of the ovulatory follicle tend to be smaller at peak breeding season?

A

because follicle growth rate is faster at peak season and needs to deploy

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26
Q

True/False: mares tend to have shorter estrus periods and ovulate smaller sized follicles at the peak of breeding season

A

true

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27
Q

How is LH activity prior to ovulation in the mare differ from other species

A

there is no brief LH surge, there is a gradual increase starting 6-7 days prior to ovulation and it peaks about 1-3 days post ovulation

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28
Q

How is PGF2alpha activity differ in the horse?

A

there is no exchange mechanism in the horse, so PGF2alpha has to enter systemic circulation from the uterine vein to reach the ovary via ovarian artery

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29
Q

True/False: mares have 1-2 diestrus follicular waves but will not ovulate

A

false, they can ovulate which yields a CL and that can prolong diestrus

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30
Q

How would you describe a uterus on US of a mare in estrus vs diestrus

A

estrus: flaccid, edematous folds “spoking”
diestrus: firm tone, uniform echogenicity

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31
Q

What US finding on a follicle is indicative of impending ovulation?

A

follicle becoming tear drop shaped

32
Q

Why is the urethral sinus clinically important in stallions

A

there can be formation of smegma beans. check during soundness exams

33
Q

What two things must be normal on a testicular soundness exam for a stallion to be fit to breed

A

normal measurment
normal US anatomy

34
Q

True/False: colts are born with their testicles descended, if not they are considered chryptorchid

A

false, while most are born with both descended, it is still normal if within 6 months of life

35
Q

What is the average age of puberty onset in the stallion

A

12-18 months

36
Q

When is a stallion technically considered a stud? at what age are they considered most sexually mature?

A

2Y
5-6Y

37
Q

reduction in testicle size and daily sperm output occurs in ____ and _____

A

late autumn and winter

38
Q

Stallion semen is considered ___ compared to ruminants

A

dilute

39
Q

What is the longevity of fresh semen

A

48hrs

40
Q

Where is semen deposited during AI if you are using chilled/fresh semen?

A

uterine body

41
Q

Where is sperm deposited during AI if you are using frozen semen?

A

in/at the tip of the uterine horn, on the side of ovulation

42
Q

What is the insemination window for shipped cooled semen

A

24 hours before to 12 hours after ovulation

43
Q

What is teh insemination window for frozen semen

A

12 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation

44
Q

What is the preferred method of pregnancy diagnosis and when is it diagnostic?

A

ultrasound, the embryonic vesicle at day 14 is definitive

45
Q

What other ways are you able to diagnose pregnancy other than US

A

teasing
non-return to estrus behavior is suggestive
palpation per rectum

46
Q

When are you able to palpate per rectum the embryonic vesicle?

A

day 28-30

47
Q

When does the embryo enter the uterus

A

6 days post ovulation

48
Q

why is it clinically significant that the embryo doesn’t enter the uterus until day 6?

A

it allows clinicians to treat the uterus if necessary

49
Q

How long does the embryo migrate in the uterus

A

until day 15

50
Q

What is necessary for maternal recognition

A

migration of the embryo in the uterus

51
Q

Other than maternal recognition, what other function does embryo migration serve

A

decreases the chance of twins

52
Q

What is the usual day of embryo fixation? where does it normally fixate?

A

day 15-16 at the base of the horn close to the bifurcation

53
Q

What is the importance of endometrial cups?

A

they produce eCG which has LH activity causing ovulation and lutenization of follicles, these secondary and accessory CL’s produce progesterone to help maintain pregnancy

54
Q

Endometrial cups are ____ in origin

A

fetal

55
Q

When are endometrial cups active?

A

day 40-120

56
Q

An owner calls you stating that her mare aborted at day 60 and she wants to try to rebreed her to still have a chance at her foaling. What is your response

A

this is not possible because she had already formed endometrial cups and these prevent return to estrus even if the pregnancy is lost

57
Q

What type of placenta does the mare have

A

diffuse, microcotyledonary, epitheliochorial

58
Q

true/false: the entire placental surface is needed for one fetus- twin pregnancies rarely survive

A

true

59
Q

True/False: maintenance of pregnancy to term is CL dependent

A

false

60
Q

When do all CLs regress by during gestation

A

day 200

61
Q

luteal progesterone is necessary to maintain pregnancy until about day ___

A

80

62
Q

What is the “to term” gestation length?

A

320

63
Q

Before day ____ of gestation the fetus is non viable

A

300

64
Q

how do you calculate a mares due date

A

11 months and 5 days after ovulation

65
Q

What are two changes in mammary secretions that indicate pending parturition

A

increase in calcium
drop in pH <6.4

66
Q

How long does the first stage of labor typically last? what can prolong it?

A

1-4 hours
human intervention, leave them alone

67
Q

What is the duration of the second stage of labor?

A

20min

68
Q

At what time point does the risk of injury/death to the foal increase rapidly?

A

30 min

69
Q

What is the time point that indicates dystocia

A

> 1hr

70
Q

How long should it take to expel the placenta?

A

up to 3hrs post foaling

71
Q

At what point are fetal membranes considered retained?

A

after 3 hours

72
Q

Which two breeds are highly sensitive to retained fetal membranes?

A

fresian and draft horses

73
Q

What re the 3 postpartum parameters?

A

SNP…123
stand by 1 hour
nurse by 2 hours
pass placenta by 3 hours

74
Q

By what day postpartum should there be no fluid left in the uterine lumen? and by what day should the uterine horns be contracted down to non pregnant size?

A

15days
30 days

75
Q
A

Repro (5 decks)

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