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Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the intercornual ligament of the uterus? and which is the most clinically useful

A

retraction of the uterus from over the pelvic rim. ventral

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2
Q

What anatomic structure is important to be cognizant of when trying to place a urinary catheter or performing AI?

A

suburethral diverticulum

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3
Q

How many annular rings are there in the cervix?

A

4-5

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4
Q

true/false: there is an internal and external bifurcation of the uterus

A

true

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5
Q

When would you define puberty?

A

first behavioral estrus with ovulation

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6
Q

What are the age of puberty onset of the common breeds (female)?

A

dairy: 10-12mo
beef:11-15mo

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7
Q

What type of estrus cycle does the cow demonstrate?

A

non seasonal polyestrus

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8
Q

What is the average estrous cycle length?

A

21 days

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9
Q

What are the behaviors demonstrated by a cow in proestrus

A

increase activity, mounting
thin mucus discharge
WILL NOT STAND

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10
Q

How long does estrus last in a cow?

A

<18hrs

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11
Q

What is the defining behavior of a cow in estrus

A

standing to be mounted

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12
Q

When does ovulation typically occur?

A

24-30hr after LH surge OR 10-15 hours after end of estrus

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13
Q

What does “bleeding off” indicate?

A

a cow was recently in heat

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14
Q

What are the three ways to know when a cow was in heat?

A
  1. observed standing
  2. classic estral mucous discharged observed
  3. mestral bleeding off observed
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15
Q

What event marks the end of diestrus and when does it occur

A

luteolysis at about day 17

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16
Q

When must maternal recognition occur for it to be a viable pregnancy?

A

before luteolysis at day 17 of cycle

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17
Q

When is a bovine CL responsive to exogenous prostaglandin?

A

day 6-17

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18
Q

True/False: a cow is responsive to exogenous prostaglandin as early as day 4 in her cycle?

A

false, day 6

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19
Q

Where does fertalization occur?

A

ampulla

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20
Q

When does a zygote reach the uterus?

A

3-4 days after fertilization

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21
Q

What cause maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

interferon tau

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22
Q

When does attachment occur?

23
Q

when does placentome formation begin?

A

days 30-36

24
Q

When are placentomes palpable?

25
True/False: CL produces progesterone throughout gestation
true
26
when does the placenta begin producing progesterone
day 150
27
What is the average gestation length
280days
28
What are 5 signs of impending calving?
relaxation of pelvic ligaments elevation of tail head vulvar enlargement undder enlargement and edema loss of mucus plug
29
What do P4, E2, and relaxin levels do as the cow approaches parturition
P4 decreases E2 increases relaxin increases
30
How long does stage 1 last in cows vs heifers
heifers: 24 hours cows: 2-6 hours
31
True/False: it is abnormal for stage 1 of parturition in a heifer to last longer than 15 hours
false, can go up to 24
32
How long is stage 2 in cows?
30min-2/4 hours
33
presence of a hippomane at birth is considered abnormal and is reason for concern
false, it is just an accumulation of proteins/minerals/etc that have precipitated
34
When is a placenta considered retained in a cow?
after 12 hours
35
an owner calls you and is concerned that her cow that has just calved has retained membranes. it has been 10 hours and she doesnt see it anywhere. should you be concerned? why or why not
no. 1 because its not retained until 12 hours and 2. the placenta should be hanging from the vulva, if it is literally nowhere to be found there is a possibility the cow ate it
36
When does postpartum ovulation occur in dairy cattle?
20-35 days postpartum. usually silent
37
When does postpartum ovulation occur in beef cattle? why is it different than dairy?
at about day 60, this is because beef calves are raised at their mothers side so feeding/suckling inhibits the release of GnRH
38
___ plays a key role in postpartum ovarian function
energy balance
39
When should a cows uterus be back to normal size postpartum?
19 days
40
An owner calls you to say that her postpartum cow (9 days) is having extremely bloody and foul smelling discharge. Should you be concerned?
Yes, if it was not foul smelling there would be no reason for concern, bt because it is foul smelling, need to go and check it out
41
True/False: scrotal circumference measurement is correlated with sperm producing ability
true
42
What defines puberty in male bovine?
the age when a bull can intromt and produce ejaculate with 50 million sperm with at least 10% progressive mobility
43
When does puberty occur in male bovine?
9-10 months
44
What is the normal volume of bull ejaculate
5-8mls
45
how many days does it take for sperm to go from nothing to being able to fertilize?
60 days
46
What is the purpose of a bull resting his head on a cows lower back?
courtship, testing for receptivity
47
When do you start breeding a heifer? with what goal in mind
14-15 months to have her calve at 22-24 months
48
Why is estrus detection such a problem? (5)
short estrus periods some cows only have a few mounts each mount lasts <10sec human observation is boring and not done regularly cows are night riders
49
What is the optimal time for AI?
midestrus to 6hrs post standing estrus
50
If you observe your cow in estrus around 7pm would it be ok to wait to breed her until the morning?
yes!
51
What is the purpose of semen extenders?
it is what allows semen to be frozen and thawed
52
What are three methods of pregnancy diagnosis
1. 3wks post breeding: watch for return to estrus 2. 28+ days: transrectal ultrasound 3. 30-35 days: transrectal palpation
53
what is the size of a follicle at ovulation
~30mm
54

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