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GI2 > Equine 1 - Dentistry > Flashcards

Equine 1 - Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Which teeth in the horse are deciduous?

A

Incisors (x 3 per side)

Premolars (x 3 per side)

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2
Q

How many permanent incisors do horses have and what is their role?

A

3 per side

Prehend food

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3
Q

What are wolf teeth?

A

Vestigial first premolar, may have up to four. No role

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4
Q

How many permanent premolars and molars are in the equine mouth?

A

3 premolars and 3 molars per side which form one functional unit

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5
Q

If present, where are the canines found and what is their function

A

In the interdental space (between incisors and cheek teeth).

Possible fighting role

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6
Q

Define an anisognathus orientation, its purpose and drawback

A

mandibular jaw narrower than maxilla (slant of occlusal surface is 10-15 degrees)
Allows for effective grinding.
produces sharp edges over time

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7
Q

Define hypsodont teeth

A

high crowned teeth with enamel extending past the gum line

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8
Q

How much do equine teeth erupt per year?

A

2-5mm

Faster in younger horses than older

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9
Q

What may lead to dental disease in the horse

A

Disparity between eruption and wear

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10
Q

Around what age will equine teeth fall out?

A

25+ years old

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11
Q

Which teeth have their reserve crown in the maxillary sinus and what is the importance of this?

A

Upper 08-11
- 08/09 in rostral maxillary
- 10/11 in caudal maxillary
important regarding infection

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12
Q

Name the different types of calcified dental tissue and what they are secreted by

A
  • cement - cementoblasts
  • enamel - ameloblasts
  • dentine - odontoblasts
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13
Q

name the different types of non-calcified dental tissue

A
  • pulp

- periodontium

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14
Q

which dental tissue fills the infundibulum and covers the surface of the tooth that is secreted in response to growth and infection/injury

A

cement

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15
Q

which dental tissue is the hardest substance in the body, is inert and cannot repair itself

A

enamel

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16
Q

which dental tissue protects enamel due to its elasticity and compressibility and protects pulp by acting as a barrier

A

dentine

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17
Q

which two calcified dental tissues act as shock absorbers

A

cement and dentine

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18
Q

what is the role of pulp

A

supplies nutrition to the tooth

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19
Q

what is included in the periodontium

A

gingiva
periodontal ligament
alveolar bone
cementum

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20
Q

what is the function of the periodontium

A

shock absorber - enables the tooth to be firmly suspended within the alveolus while permitting a slight amount of movement

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21
Q

define buccal

A

the cheek side of the dental arcade or tooth

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22
Q

define labial

A

the tongue side of the dental arcade or tooth

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23
Q

define occlusal

A

the biting surface of the tooth

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24
Q

define apical

A

the tip of the root of each tooth

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25
Q

define mesial

A

towards the midline in a dental arch

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26
Q

define distal in terms of dentition

A

away from the midline in a dental arch

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27
Q

what is the interdental space

A

the space between the incisors and premolars in which the canines and wolf teeth lie

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28
Q

define diastema

A

a space or gap between two teeth

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29
Q

at what age do equine deciduous incisors erupt (D01-03)

A

D01 - 6 days
D02 - 6 weeks
D03 - 6 months

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30
Q

At what age do equine deciduous premolars erupt (D06-08)

A

all within the first 2 weeks of life

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31
Q

at what age to equine adult incisors erupt and occlude?

A

01 - 2.5yrs and 3yrs
02 - 3.5yrs and 4 yrs
03 - 4.5 yrs and 5 yrs

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32
Q

at what age do equine canines and wolf teeth erupt (if present)

A 
canines (04): 4-5yrs 
wolf teeth (05): 6-18months
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33
Q

at what age do equine adult premolars erupt and occlude

A

06 - 2-2.5yrs and 3yrs
07 - 3yrs and 3.5yrs
08 - 4yrs and 4.5 yrs

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34
Q

at what age to equine molars erupt and occlude

A

09 - 1yr and 1.5yrs
10 - 2yrs and 2.5yrs
11 - 3-3.5yrs and 4 yrs

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35
Q

what is the most accurate method of aging a horse by dentition

A

eruption times

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36
Q

what shape will the corner incisor of a horse be when less than 10years old

A

wider than long

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37
Q

what shape will the corner incisor of a horse be when it is approximately 10 years old

A

square

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38
Q

what shape will the corner incisor of a horse be when it is over 10 years old

A

longer than wide

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39
Q

Name the methods of aging with dentition

A 
eruption times 
shape of corner incisor 
dental star 
infubdibulum/mark disappearance 
galvaynes groove 
'hook' on corner incisors 
shape of occlusal surface (oval --> triangular)
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40
Q

At what age does the dental star appear in equine incisors

A

01 - 5yrs
02 - 6yrs
03 - 7-8yrs

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41
Q

at what age do the cups disappear in equine incisors

A

01 - 6-7yrs
02 - 7-11yrs
03 - 9-15yrs

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42
Q

at what age does the mark wear out in equine incisors

A

01 - 12-15yrs
02 - 14-15yrs
03 - 14-15yrs

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43
Q

at what age does galvaynes groove appear then reach the full length of the tooth?

A

appears at 10yrs

full length of tooth by 20yrs

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44
Q

at what age does a ‘hook’ on the corner incisor appear in horses

A

7-13yrs

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45
Q

what should be included when gathering a dental history

A
  • previous dental work
  • previous dental problems
  • feeding habits/behaviours
  • bitting/ridden problems
46
Q

what should be looked for during visual and manual exam of the head

A
  • asymmetry
  • swellings
  • halitosis
  • nasal discharge
  • mastication observed (should chew in both directions)
47
Q

how do you assess the caudal cheek teeth

A

full mouth speculum, light source and mirror

48
Q

how wide is a normal lateral excursion of the jaw

A

width of 1.5 teeth, equal in both directions

49
Q

why may it be necessary to examine equine teeth between 1 and 3 yo

A
  • retained caps
  • tumours of origin
  • softer enamel
  • quicker eruption
50
Q

what should be looked for at an equine dental examination prior to bitting (3-4yo)

A
  • sharp enamel points
  • loose caps
  • wolf teeth
  • diastemata
51
Q

how often should adult horses have a dental examination

A

every 6-12months

52
Q

what should be looked for at an adult equine dental exam

A

sharp enamel points
step or wave development
diastemata

53
Q

how often should geriatric horses have a dental exam (<15yo)

A

annually (more frequently depending on tooth alignment/disease)

54
Q

what is the purpose of having open, straight and closed angle dental rasps

A

access every tooth

55
Q

what material is used for the blades of dental rasps

A

tungsten carbide

56
Q

what rasps are used for the lower cheek teeth

A

curved/gledhill

57
Q

what is the function of picks and probes in equine dentistry

A

explore any defects/periodontal pockets

58
Q

what is the risk of power tools in equine dentistry if used incorrectly

A

thermal damage

59
Q

what restraint can be used for a dental exam

A
  • full mouth speculum
  • headcollar
  • sedation
  • stocks
60
Q

what is the treatment of retained deciduous teeth and the problems associated with this

A

removal under sedation
can cause gap between incisors which may not close
may require radiographs if can’t tell which is the deciduous tooth (usually labial side)

61
Q

what generally causes a fractured or displaced tooth

A

trauma - kick or getting tooth caught. therefore may want to radiograph to check for fractured jaw.

62
Q

what are the possible treatments of a fractured tooth

A

extraction

wiring to stabilise

63
Q

what does EOTRH stand for

A

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis

64
Q

how does EOTRH present

A

affects older horses, causes resorption of roots +/- cementum deposition so teeth become loose and painful

65
Q

how is EOTRH diagnosed and treated

A

diagnosed with x-ray

currently treated with extraction

66
Q

missing, loose or overgrown teeth usually affect which horses?

A

usually older horses

occasionally abnormal conformation/development in younger horses

67
Q

what is slant mouth and what causes it

A

incisor malocclusions (ventral/dorsal curvatures) leading to abnormal mastication secondary to cheek tooth disease

68
Q

smile mouth is normal in which species

A

donkeys

69
Q

what is parrot mouth

A

overshot jaw

70
Q

what is sow mouth

A

undershot jaw

71
Q

when does parrot or sow mouth require treatment

A

incisors which impinge on soft tissues
correction of secondary cheek teeth issues
correction as foal controversial if planning to breed from animal

72
Q

what is diastemata

A

gaps which develop between the teeth, usually age related

73
Q

how is diastemata managed

A

food picked out. can use old toothbrush

74
Q

canine teeth are mainly found in which horses

A

males and dominant females

75
Q

which conditions commonly affect canine teeth and when should they be removed

A

fractures and EOTRH.

remove due to calculus build up to prevent gum disease

76
Q

how many wolf teeth may a horse have

A

up to 4 (2 upper, 2 lower)

77
Q

when should wolf teeth be removed

A
  • too large
  • unerupted
  • abnormally positioned
  • lower
  • fractured
  • loose
  • only on one side
  • owner requested
78
Q

why do sharp enamel points occur

A

anisognathic anatomy
continual eruption of teeth
eruption rate exceeding wear (diet)

79
Q

why are domesticated horses predisposed to sharp enamel points

A

diet and lifestyle

80
Q

where are the common sites of sharp enamel points

A

buccal aspect of maxillary teeth

lingual aspect of mandibular teeth

81
Q

how are sharp enamel points treated and what happens if left

A

treated by reduction - routine dental work

if left will cause painful ulcers on the cheeks often upper 10/11

82
Q

how should excessive transverse ridges be treated

A

reduced to normal height but not flattened completely

83
Q

why do excessive transverse ridges need to be treated

A

can pack food into any diastemata

84
Q

what are the causes of tooth overgrowth/overeruption

A
  • developmental (asynchronous eruption)
  • post-extraction
  • post-fracture
  • abnormal jaw alignment (parrot/sow mouth)
85
Q

how does a maxillary cheek tooth root infection manifest in the horse

A

malodorous nasal discharge draining from a single nostril due to fluid build up in the sinus. may see swelling of the face and distortion of the facial bones. severe cases may see draining tract open on the face.

86
Q

what is a common cause of quidding

A

diastemata

87
Q

what are the causes of diastemata

A
  • developmental
  • increasing age - narrower towards root
  • displaced/rotated teeth
88
Q

what are the types of diastemata

A

valve - wider gap at level of gingiva so food becomes trapped and can’t escape
open - same width throughout

89
Q

what is the treatment of diastemata

A
  • balance mouth
  • flush/pick out food
  • pack with putty
  • widen to allow food to escape
  • remove tooth if severe
  • pain relief/LA
  • antibiotics
  • revisit every 6 months
90
Q

when may diastemata spontaneously resolve/symptoms improve

A

young horses - dental drift

older horses - become wider

91
Q

what are the two types of caries

A

peripheral (surrounding edges of teeth usually towards the back of the mouth due to lack of saliva buffer)
infundibular (centre of upper cheek teeth potentially linked to tooth development and can lead to fracture)

92
Q

how are peripheral caries treated

A
  • remove sharp enamel points as smooth surface discourages food sticking
  • flush if diastemata present
  • modify diet (less acid/sugar)
  • regular dental treatment to allow to grow out
93
Q

how are infundibular caries treated

A
  • filling affected teeth (specialist) to prevent future fracture
  • removal if filling is not an option
94
Q

what are the features of loose teeth in horses

A
  • shorter overall length
  • reduced periodontal attachment
  • easier to remove (not always)
95
Q

What are the causes of displaced teeth

A 
developmental
- overcrowding due to delayed eruption
- last tooth struggles to erupt 
- hereditary 
acquired 
- abnormal occlusal surfaces 
- tooth loose in alveola
96
Q

how are displaced teeth treated

A
  • round edges so they don’t cause soft tissue ulceration
  • flush out packed food
  • ongoing management
97
Q

what type of fracture is most likely to cause sinusitis and secondary infection

A

sagittal fractures in upper cheek teeth

98
Q

how are tooth fractures investigated and treated

A

radiography

extraction (challenging)

99
Q

what is shear mouth and its causes

A

abnormal increased angulation caused by eating on one side of the mouth (dental pain or conformation)

100
Q

what is smooth mouth and its management

A

worn out cheek teeth generally seen in older horses or after overly aggressive dental work. can’t chew effectively so need dietary management

101
Q

what is wave mouth and how is it managed

A

undulating occlusal surface. manual correction - don’t expose pulp of longest tooth and correct incisor length. may need multiple sessions

102
Q

What is step mouth

A

lack of tooth leading to overgrowth of the caudal and rostral portions of opposing teeth which ‘lock’s the jaw

103
Q

What causes wry nose

A

thought to be inherited but also malposition in utero

104
Q

What are the signs and treatment of a cleft palate

A

dribbling milk after suckling and milk at the nostrils. surgical correction possible but often get complications

105
Q

in what breeds is brachygnathism more common

A

TB and QH

106
Q

in what breeds is prognathism more common

A

ponies and miniatures (achondroplastic dwarfism)

107
Q

which conditions result from inappropriate differentiation of dental germinal tissue

A

missing teeth
maleruption
supernumerary teeth

108
Q

which is the most common supernumerary tooth

A

fourth molar - erupts lingually or bucally if no room in arcade

109
Q

name the types of congenital tumours and cysts

A
  • ameloblastic odontoma
  • juvenile ossifying fibroma
  • dentigerous cysts
110
Q

name the types of congenital/developmental defects possible in equine teeth

A
  • parrot mouth
  • wry nose
  • cleft palate
  • incisor malocclusions
  • missing teeth
  • maleruption
  • supernumerary teeth
  • tumours or cysts
111
Q

name the basic dental techniques

A
  • reduce sharp enamel points
  • reduce dominant/overgrown teeth
  • radiography
  • tooth extraction
  • sinus flushing/flaps
112
Q

name the advanced dental techniques

A
  • fracture repair
  • wry nose correection
  • ameloblastoma/tumour removal
  • parrot mouth correction/braces

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