Equality

Question 1

What is the hardest political value to realise in any socio economic arrangement

Answer 1

Equality

Question 2

What is egalitarianism?

Answer 2

It is a doctrine or an ideology, believing in equality as cornerstone of political arrangement and public policies

Question 3

What is luck egalitarianism

Answer 3

A just sociopolitical arrangement should not allow any inequality due to luck, good or bad luck maybe natural, social, brute luck that is fortune, misfortune, accidents, diseases etc

Question 4

What is hard egalitarianism

Answer 4

Ideal political system should even take care of optional luck that is individual choices and preferences. This is call hard egalitarianism

Question 5

Who gave the theory of equality of resources?

Answer 5

Ronald Dworkin

Question 6

Luck egalitarians

Answer 6

1. Ronald dworkin( most prominent)
2. Richard arneson
3. John Roemer
4. Eric Rakowski

Question 7

In which book did Ronald Dworkin propounded his theory of quality of resources

Answer 7

Sovereign virtue: the theory and practice of equality

Question 8

What gave rise to the idea of substantive equality or equality of outcome

Answer 8

Marxism gave an entirely new meaning to equality. It was equality in economic structure that is the base of the society. These gave rise to the idea of substantive equality.

Question 9

What is equality of opportunity?

Answer 9

It denotes providing equal chance to each individual to compete be successful and get rewards of life. It is like a fair exam in which all students were given equal treatment and chance to get maximum marks. It is more like formal equality and is closely linked to liberalism.

Question 10

What is equality of outcome?

Answer 10

Equality of outcome denotes equality of results and rewards of life which are income ,welfare ,resources etc . It’s aim is to reduce the inequality of wealth and income. Hence it denotes social economic quality. It may involve redistribution of wealth income by state. It is more substantive and positive in comparison to equality of opportunity

Question 11

What are the different types of luck?

Answer 11

Social bad luck - poor social background, education, inheritance

Natural luck-natural talent, beauty etc

Brute natural bad luck - accidents , natural Calamity , sickness , less natural talent

Optional luck - individual life choices and preference

Question 12

Which kind of liberalism is closely related to equality of opportunity

Answer 12

Closely associated with classical liberalism-liberal or soft egalitarianism

Question 13

What is dworkin’s equality of Resources

Answer 13

It denotes social economic distribution which results from an imaginary market procedure for acquisition and transfer of resources and insurance for bad luck

Question 14

Who gave the example of 100 people in a deserted island

Answer 14

Ronald dworkin

Question 15

Who gave the concept of complex equality and in which book

Answer 15

Micheal walzer ,
Spheres of Justice: A defence of Pluralism and Equality

Question 16

What is walzer’s concept of complex equality

Answer 16

It is a communitarian account of idea of equality. It visualises multiple spheres of justice in a community, each having its norms, values and meaning of different social goods.For eg- politics , education , military etc each have different sphere. Since each sphere is having different roles of distribution as well as meaning in value of social goods, social standing of individuals in different spheres maybe different

Question 17

What is affirmative action

Answer 17

Attempts by legitimate governments to promote equality by positive actions . Affirmative actions are planned policies programs to provide direct, help and assistance to those who have been left in the race of life due to social and brute Badluck or background inequalities.

Question 18

Other name of affirmative action in Canada

Answer 18

Employment equity

Question 19

Other name of affirmative action in UK

Answer 19

Positive discrimination

Question 20

Other name of affirmative action in South Africa and India

Answer 20

Alternate access in South Africa
Reservation in India . It is also called reverse discrimination and benign discrimination.

Question 21

Historical account of affirmative action in India

Answer 21

1901- reservation in Kolhapur Maharashtra for non- Brahmin and backward classes by Sahuji maharaj- first instance of reservation for backward classes.

1909-separate electorates for Muslims
1919-separate electorate for sikhs and other communities

1932- Separate electorate propose for Dalits, this was revoked after the Poona pact
1935 act - reservation in jobs for backward caste

Question 22

Constitutional provisions for affirmative actions in the independent India

Answer 22

Article 15 (4) - nothing shall prevent the state from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens of and for the SC/ST

Article 16 (4)-nothing in this article shall prevent the state from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or post in favour of any backward classes of citizens

Article 46 -the state shall promote which special card, educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the SC, ST , and shall protect them from social injustice, and all forms of exploitation

Article 330,332- reservation forSC/ST in legislature

Article 340 - commission to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes