EQ4 - indicative mock content Flashcards
What are the ranked hard engineering strategies?
1) sea wall
2) offshore breakwater
3) foreshore riprap
4) groynes
What are the soft engineering strategies ranked?
1) dune stabilisation
2) cliff stabilisation
3) beach nourishment
Why is 1) Sea Wall the best option for hard engineering?
Function: absorb wave energy, prevent erosion and recession
Pos: effective in this, permanent (200)
Neg: interfered with cliff prof.
Cons: concrete & metal
Place and stat: Southwold, 1959
Wh y is 2) Offshore breakwater the second best option for hard engineering?
Func: Recess the breakwater line to prevent wave energy hitting the shore
Pos.: stops wave energy and does not obstruct view
neg.: Its expensive and can disrupt longshore drift
Cons.: igneous boulders placed offshore.
Place + stat = Plymouth: 1.5km offshore breakwater
Why is 3) Onshore breakwater the third best option for hard engineering?
func: Absorb wave energy to prevent erosion.
Pos: it’s extremely effective nd can last nearly permanently.
Neg: it’s extremely expensiv and obstructs beach funct.
Cons: igneous boulders places on teh foreshore.
Place + stat: Heningsbury Head - £1.3 k per rock
Why are 4) Groynes the least effective method of hard engineering?
func: prevnent longshore drift and subsequet sediment starv.
pos: fulfil their function
neg: cause more sediment starvation downstream.
cons: wooden or metal perpendicular fences.
Place + stat: Goring £46 mil replacement in 2019.
Why is Dune stabilisation the best method of soft engineering?
func: prevent flooding and overtgrazing, as well are erosion.
Pos: prevents sediment starvation.
Neg: needs constant replacement
Cons: fences or rock bolts
Place + stat: Sefton Coast 20 km
Why is Cliff stabilisation the second most effective method of soft engineering?
func. to prevent mass movement processes
pos. its less intrusive than HE strategirs
neg. It is causing sediment starvation downshore
cons. wires and wooden poles
Place + Stat: Swanage installed cliff stabilisers in 2015.
Why is Beach nourishment the least most effective soft engineering strategy?
func. to prevent erosion by padding out the beach of nourishment
pos. it is non-itrusive
neg. sediment requires sourcing from elsewhere
cons. sediment
place + stat: Goring £46 mil scheme in 2019
What are the economic impacts of erosion at Skipsea?
24 homes could sink into the sea
Agricultural land is at risk
What are the economic impact of erosion at skipsea?
Loss of amenities such as the sea side
Stress caused to farmers from loss of income.
What are the social impacts of flooding in Bangladesh?
Loss of homes and livelihoods causing stress.
What are the economic impacts of flooding in Bangladesh?
Loss of farmland costs 1.3 billion nationwide.
What are the causes of Bangladesh flooding?
Funnel coastline and 700 river channels in the area
What are the causes of floods in the Netherlands?
The overflow of the River Rhine due to climate change.
What are the social impacts of floods in the Netherlands?
250,000 needed to be evacuated. 4 were killed in 1995.
What are the economic impacts of flooding on the Netherlands?
1,500 m2 of farmland flooded.
What is the cause of flooding in the Philippines?
It is a multiple hazard zone meaning it experiences intense tropical storms from the Pacific.
What are the social impacts of flooding on the Philippines?
Damage to farmland causes stress ti farmers because of loss of livelihood.
What are the economic impacts of flooding in the Philippines?
Millions of pesos in damages due to damaged roads and bridges.
Why are there international refugees because of flooding?
The Maldives - 1,000 leaving due to its estimated complete subsidence in 80 years.
Tuvalu - 1/5 of the 12,000 residents are leaving, due to its sinking into the sea.
What coastlines are at little risk of flooding?
- fewer cyclones and storms
- harder & impermeable rock
- surplus of sediment balance
What is the ICZM?
The integrated coast management zone
Who has adopted the ICZM?
New Zealand, Mediterranean, Iran, and the EU
