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Geography - Coasts > EQ4 - indicative mock content > Flashcards

EQ4 - indicative mock content Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ranked hard engineering strategies?

A

1) sea wall
2) offshore breakwater
3) foreshore riprap
4) groynes

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2
Q

What are the soft engineering strategies ranked?

A

1) dune stabilisation
2) cliff stabilisation
3) beach nourishment

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3
Q

Why is 1) Sea Wall the best option for hard engineering?

A

Function: absorb wave energy, prevent erosion and recession
Pos: effective in this, permanent (200)
Neg: interfered with cliff prof.
Cons: concrete & metal
Place and stat: Southwold, 1959

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4
Q

Wh y is 2) Offshore breakwater the second best option for hard engineering?

A

Func: Recess the breakwater line to prevent wave energy hitting the shore
Pos.: stops wave energy and does not obstruct view
neg.: Its expensive and can disrupt longshore drift
Cons.: igneous boulders placed offshore.
Place + stat = Plymouth: 1.5km offshore breakwater

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5
Q

Why is 3) Onshore breakwater the third best option for hard engineering?

A

func: Absorb wave energy to prevent erosion.
Pos: it’s extremely effective nd can last nearly permanently.
Neg: it’s extremely expensiv and obstructs beach funct.
Cons: igneous boulders places on teh foreshore.
Place + stat: Heningsbury Head - £1.3 k per rock

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6
Q

Why are 4) Groynes the least effective method of hard engineering?

A

func: prevnent longshore drift and subsequet sediment starv.
pos: fulfil their function
neg: cause more sediment starvation downstream.
cons: wooden or metal perpendicular fences.
Place + stat: Goring £46 mil replacement in 2019.

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7
Q

Why is Dune stabilisation the best method of soft engineering?

A

func: prevent flooding and overtgrazing, as well are erosion.
Pos: prevents sediment starvation.
Neg: needs constant replacement
Cons: fences or rock bolts
Place + stat: Sefton Coast 20 km

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8
Q

Why is Cliff stabilisation the second most effective method of soft engineering?

A

func. to prevent mass movement processes
pos. its less intrusive than HE strategirs
neg. It is causing sediment starvation downshore
cons. wires and wooden poles
Place + Stat: Swanage installed cliff stabilisers in 2015.

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9
Q

Why is Beach nourishment the least most effective soft engineering strategy?

A

func. to prevent erosion by padding out the beach of nourishment
pos. it is non-itrusive
neg. sediment requires sourcing from elsewhere
cons. sediment
place + stat: Goring £46 mil scheme in 2019

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10
Q

What are the economic impacts of erosion at Skipsea?

A

24 homes could sink into the sea
Agricultural land is at risk

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11
Q

What are the economic impact of erosion at skipsea?

A

Loss of amenities such as the sea side
Stress caused to farmers from loss of income.

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12
Q

What are the social impacts of flooding in Bangladesh?

A

Loss of homes and livelihoods causing stress.

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13
Q

What are the economic impacts of flooding in Bangladesh?

A

Loss of farmland costs 1.3 billion nationwide.

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14
Q

What are the causes of Bangladesh flooding?

A

Funnel coastline and 700 river channels in the area

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15
Q

What are the causes of floods in the Netherlands?

A

The overflow of the River Rhine due to climate change.

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16
Q

What are the social impacts of floods in the Netherlands?

A

250,000 needed to be evacuated. 4 were killed in 1995.

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17
Q

What are the economic impacts of flooding on the Netherlands?

A

1,500 m2 of farmland flooded.

18
Q

What is the cause of flooding in the Philippines?

A

It is a multiple hazard zone meaning it experiences intense tropical storms from the Pacific.

19
Q

What are the social impacts of flooding on the Philippines?

A

Damage to farmland causes stress ti farmers because of loss of livelihood.

20
Q

What are the economic impacts of flooding in the Philippines?

A

Millions of pesos in damages due to damaged roads and bridges.

21
Q

Why are there international refugees because of flooding?

A

The Maldives - 1,000 leaving due to its estimated complete subsidence in 80 years.
Tuvalu - 1/5 of the 12,000 residents are leaving, due to its sinking into the sea.

22
Q

What coastlines are at little risk of flooding?

A
  • fewer cyclones and storms
  • harder & impermeable rock
  • surplus of sediment balance
23
Q

What is the ICZM?

A

The integrated coast management zone

24
Q

Who has adopted the ICZM?

A

New Zealand, Mediterranean, Iran, and the EU

25
Q

How many sediment cells are in the uk?

A

11

26
Q

How many SMP’s are in the UK?

A

22

27
Q

What is an SMP?

A

A shoreline management plan used to manage coastal protection against flooding and erosion.

28
Q

What are the 4 management strategies within SMP’s?

A

No active intervention
Strategic realignment
Hold the line
Advance the line

29
Q

What is hold the line and where and how is it used?

A

It is the strategy of aiming to keep the coast where it is, due to its value
and therefore use defences to stop erosional, depositional, and transportation processes. This is used as the Goring groynes, which recently cost £46 mil to reconstruct.

30
Q

What is ‘no active intervention’ and how and where is it used?

A

The ‘do nothing strategy’ it’s the approach of letting the coastline evolve naturally usually due to less high value land, or difficult to protect land. E.g., farmland 5km south of Mappleton

31
Q

What is managed realignment and where and how is it used?

A

It is the strategy of allowing some coastline to erode whilst defending other sections in order to create a shape of land desired. This is used at Spurn Head where the spit is being prevented from recoiling.

32
Q

What is the ‘advance the line strategy’ and where and how is it used?

A

It is rare in the UK, and is used in places such as Sussex in order to extend the coastline by encouraging accretion. Offshore ridges are created.

33
Q

What are the the costs and benefits of defending the Happisburgh coast?

A

Costs of erosion: Grade listed building of St. Mary’s church would be lost to the ocean.
Benefits of defence: 20-35 buildings would be saved with a combined value of £7 million.

34
Q

What are Environmental Impact Assessments?

A

An assessment made by the Environmental agency assessing the potential damage to a place if erosion occurs.

35
Q

What was the EIA of the Holderness coast?

A

The environmental impacts do not put weight the economic impacts. Therefore, only a select few towns will be protected.

36
Q

What does the EIA assess?

A
  • Hydrology
  • Water quality
  • air quality
  • changes to flora and fauna
37
Q

Who are the general winners and losers in coastal management?

A

Losers due to action:
- people seeing amenity loss due to ‘concreted over’ coastline
- NIMBYs in construction
Losers due to inaction:
- property loss due to erosion.

38
Q

Who are the general winners in coastal management?

A

Winners due to action:
- residents who’s land is protected
- locals who get to keep their amenities
Winners due to inaction:
- councils who do not have to pay for defences
- national government who do not have to pay for construction of defences

39
Q

Case study: Blackwater Estuary (2000)

A

Context: a change in defence was required due to revetments being ineffective.
Management: Abbotts hall farm was purchased and flooded to create a marsh.
Impacts: Leisure activities were created, managed realignment occurred, and the residents sold the land for full price. There were no losers.

40
Q

Case study: Shoreham Cuckmere Haven, 2020

A

Context: the SDNP took over management and aimed to protect cottages on the chalk coast.
Impacts: environmentalists wanted them to change the tactic, as it would destroy important chalk reefs. Residents wanted to protect their homes.

41
Q

Case study: Oshida Coast (2022)

A

Context: The coast is under stress from urbanisation, tourism, and marine transport.
What sustainable management is occurring? They consult all stakeholders before making a decision.

Geography - Coasts (9 decks)

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