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Geography - Coasts > EQ4 > Flashcards

EQ4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the other impacts of the Holderness recesion?

A

24 homes being destroyed by the ‘act of God’ as coastal recession.
Road rebuilding costing £150,000 - £250,000 per 100m of road.
‘Acts of God’ are not covered by insurance.

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2
Q

What are the social costs of ecession?

A
  • Loss of life in some places
  • Impacts on health - stress
  • Loss of livelihood (Destruction of farmland)
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3
Q

What are the economic costs of flooding?

A

Netherlands 2013 floods: 40,000 homes damaged, 10,000 destroyed
USA Hurricane Sandy 2012: $70 billion in damages.

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4
Q

What are the social costs of flooding?

A

2012 US hurricane Sandy: 6 million people lost power
Netherlands 2013 North Sea: 10% of dutch Farmland flooded.

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5
Q

What are the issues surrounding climate refugees?

A
  • Natural hazards in the Philippines have created the largest number of internally displaced people in the world from 2003-2018: 94%.
  • In New Orleans, 1 million people had to evacuate because of Hurricane Katrina, 30% never returned.
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6
Q

What is the UN’s position on climate refugees?

A

They do not include those escaping the impacts of climate change in their definition of ‘refugee’.

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7
Q

What are the impacts of climate change on risk of flooding in Tuvalu?

A

Tuvalu’s highest poit is 4.5m above sea level. Most land is 1-2m above sea level.

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8
Q

What are the imapcts of climate change on the Maldives?

A

All of the islands will be abandoned, and sunk within 50 years, due to itss highest point being ony 15m above sea level.

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9
Q

What are the impacts of climate change on the Seychelles.

A

80% of people work and live on the coast in the Seychelles.

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10
Q

What is a way of measuring the vulnerability of different coastlines?

A

The Coastal Hazard Wheel

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11
Q

What are the sustainable management strategies?

A
  • Monitoring coastal change
  • Educating communities
  • Adapting to sea levels by changing building methods and supplies.
  • Creating alternative livelihoods.
  • Managing flood and erosion risk where possible.
  • managing natural resources.
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12
Q

Where is sustainable management being used?

A

‘No Active Intervention’ strategies are being used in Holderness.
Flooding of farmland to create marshland in Cornwall. 15m breach of the river Tamar, as a way of adapting to rising sea levels.

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13
Q

What are the soft engineering strategies to coastal management?

A
  • Beach realignment
  • cliff stabilisation
  • beach nourishment
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14
Q

What are the hard engineering strategies to coastal management?

A
  • Groynes
  • sea wall
  • riprap
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15
Q

What is beach realignment and how does it impact erosion rates and risk?

A

Beach realignment is the strategy whereby sedient banks are created offshore in order to encourage coastal accretion. This occurred at the construction of Palm Jumeirah, in dubai, where an artificial island was constructed.

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16
Q

What are the benefits and costs of hard engineering?

A

Benefits: They protect beaches from erosion permanently, and absorb wave energy effectively. They also do not need much maintanance.
Costs: They destroy the natural beauty of the beach. They ar every expensive. Groynes cost £150-£250 per m.

17
Q

What are the benefits and costs of soft engineering?

A

Benefits: Less intrusive and costly than hard engineering processes. They are also effective at structure protection, such as the beach nourishment occurring at Norfolk. A 3m sand bar formed in front of the gas terminal, and has protected it from wave erosion.

18
Q

What is cliff stabilisation, and where has it been used?

A

This is changing the slope of a cliff to create a more stable angle on the cliff face. It is occurring at Mappleton, where coastal erosion rates range from 0-3m annually.

19
Q

What is beach nourishment, and where has it been used?

A

It is the process of adding sediment to a beach, in order to stop the processes of erosion from accessing land behind.
This is occurring in Norfolk, where 2 million cubic metres of sand was dumped on the beach. It was successful as the local gas terminal, and a 3m wall was created in front of it.

20
Q

What are groynes, and where are they used?

A

They are wooden of metal structures which prohibit the movement of longshore drift, and therefore keep sediment contained within its sub-cell. This is occurring at Christchurch Bay, where groynes are used to protect the village of Highcliffe at the north of the bay. They cost £150-£250 per m.

21
Q

What is a sea wall, and where is it used?

A

A large concrete structure running parallel to the beach which absorbs wave energy, therefore pausing the processes of erosion. There is a sea wall with a cost of £3,000 - £10,000 per m in Withernsea.

22
Q

What is riprap, and where is it used?

A

It is the process of placing large boulders along the beach in aid to absorb wave energy and prevent erosion, and thereore recession.
there are boulder defences at Goring, spanning all the way to the Sea Lane Cafe from the apartments to the East of Ferring, and they cost between £1350 amd £6000 per m.

23
Q

What are the three main characteristics of the ICZM?

A

There are three parts to the decision-making process:
- It uses a hollistic approach.
- It recognises economic importance.
- It recognises sustainability.

24
Q

Where else in the world has adopted an ICZM?

A

Signes in 2008, the ICZM Protocol waas signed in the Mediterranean, and it is an agreement between 14 countries to protect its coastlines.

25
Q

What is the link between SMP’s and sediment cells?

A

Every sediment cell has roughly 2 SMP’s, due to sediment cells being divided into sub-cells.

26
Q

What does the Cost-benefit analysis of an SMP entail?

A

Controvercial factors:
- The value of property depends on how at risk it is.
- Some costs such as human and environmental are hard to quanify.
Happisburgh - ‘No Active intervention’ has been adopted. This is because it would cost £6 million to defend it, and could damage property further down the sediment cell. However, this £6 million is close to what it would cost to compensate residents for damage to property.

27
Q

What does the Environmental Impact Assessment of an SMP entail?

A

Analysis of:
- Short-term impact of construction
- Long-term impacts of building new sea defences.
- Impacts on water movement
- impact on water quality
- changes in flora and fauna
- air quality and air pollution

28
Q

What is the Shoreham SMP? How will this change in the future?

A

The plan in Shoreham is to ‘hold the line’. This it because there are important heritage sites a few hundred metres away from the coast, which need to be protected against erosion.

29
Q

What is the Cuckmere haven SMP? How will this change in the future?

A

Short term = managed realignment
long term = no active intervention
This is because half of an important heritage site has already been eroded, and therefore its protection is not paramount.

30
Q

What conflicts have been created by the SMP in Cuckmere haven?

A
  • Residents that wish to stay in the haven may have to leave due to erosion of coastal cottages.
  • They are opposed to this, because they are national heritage sites.
  • Defence could reach up to £1m.
  • The government stated it would no longer aid Cuckmere haven in its defence.
  • South Downs National Park Agency stated that they would protect this area in 2021.
  • Environmentalists say this could damage a rare formation of chalk.
31
Q

What policy was adopted in the Blackwater Estuary?

A
  • Essex, a salt marsh replaced farmland.
  • Abbots Hall Farm owners were paid full price for their farmland.
  • They also received income from ecotourism.
  • Hgh costs of hold the line policy was avoided.
  • 4000 hectare realignment scheme was started.
  • Radical plans meant players all received benefits.
32
Q

What policy was adopted in Oshida’s Coastal Zone?

A
  • Home to 1435km3 mangroves
  • Under threat from:
  • tourism
  • deforestation of mangroves
  • seabed mining
  • erosion
  • industrialisation
    As a result- public consultations were held to create a hollistically manageable coastline with national and local governments, but also local people.
33
Q

What is the SMP policy at Elmer Beach, Bognor Regis?

A

Advance the Line (One of only a few in the UK)

34
Q

What is the SMP that Shoreham comes under?

A

Beach Head to Selsey Bill

35
Q

What is ICZM an acronym for?

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

36
Q

What is the hard engineering strategy which involves interlocking timber, metal, or concrete structures?

A

Revetments

Geography - Coasts (9 decks)

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