EQ4 Coasta Management

Question 1

What is bacton

Answer 1

A vault sandscaping scheme to protect a 6 km stretch of the north Norfolk coast from bacton to Walcott it was completed in 2019
The purpose of the project is to safeguard back and terminal which applies one third of the UK gas

Question 2

The main stages of sandscaping
4 steps

Answer 2

1)dredging vessel collect sediment from the sea bed
2)sediment is stored on the dredging vessel
3)sediment and sea water pumped to the beach
4)sediment moved into place by heavy machinery

Question 3

Why was the sandscaping scheme if north Norfolk needed

Answer 3

Because of the devastating impacts of the 2013 North Sea surge damaged and flooded homes and businesses in bacton and Walcott and saw the loss of up to 10 m of cliff at the gas terminal

Question 4

Phase 2 ofthe Cromer coastal management scheme
How much, what’s been Implemented and how long will it last

Answer 4

£25 million and will last till 2070
6 groynes, navigation beacons,sea walls, rock revetment and some storm damage repairs

Question 5

Economic impacts of storms surges

Answer 5

Salt water may contaminate bodies of freshwater therefore the water is unsuitable for farmland irrigation. More damaging to countries that rely on agriculture

Damage to infrastructure (such as ports) affects trade for both developed and developing countries. Investment in new and expensive port infrastructure that can withstand SLR is needed

Question 6

Social impacts of storm surges

Answer 6

People may be left homeless as flood water can damage buildings and infrastructure

floodwater can contaminate drinking water

Standing inland water can restrict movement and leave communities isolated

Question 7

Consequences of coastal flooding for developed countries (Australia)

Answer 7

It has been estimated a 20cm rise in sea level would cost US 1.4b of eco damage un SE Queensland

Tourism would be affected which employs 8% of the Australian workforce - sandy beaches would erode

Question 8

Consequences of coastal flooding for developed countries (the Philippines)

Answer 8

Each destructive typhoon season costs 2% of the gdp to rebuild infrastructure

20 tropical cyclones enter the Philippines each year

This will affect tourism

Question 10

Sustainable coastal management 6 parts

Answer 10

Monitoring coastal change and adapting to unexpected trends

Education communities to understand why change is needed and how to adapt

Adapting to RSL by relocation alternative building methods and water supplies

Creating alternative livelihoods before existing ones are lost to the sea

Managing flood and erosion risk where possible or relocation to safe areas

Managing natural resources (fish,farmland,water supplies) to ensure long term productivity

Question 11

Social ways of sustainable coastal management

Answer 11

Protecting homes
Helping people relocate
Involving local people in decision making

Question 12

Environmental ways of sustainable coastal management

Answer 12

Preserving and repairing coastal ecology (reefs,beaches,mangroves
Monitoring erosion and flooding
Monitoring fish stocks

Question 13

Economic ways of sustainable coastal management

Answer 13

Costs of defences vs benefits of protection
Compensation or aid with relocation costs
Creating alternative livelihoods
Micro loans and investment

Question 14

how sustainable management can lead to conflict

Answer 14

prevents access to coastal areas (san dunes) upsets people who enjoy those spaces

protecting land with high economic value residents of low may feel abandoned and small businesses may suffer

Question 16

who manages and funds coastal defences in the uk

Answer 16

Local council and tax payers

Question 17

hard engineering problems

Answer 17

-solves single solutions
-large impact on local ecosystems
-works well with intended location can increase erosion on other coastlines

Question 18

soft engineering points

Answer 18

-works with coastal processes
-reduces risk of flooding and erosion rather than trying to stop them
-have a natural look
-more flexible can be adapted

Question 19

what is cost benefit analysis

Answer 19

a cost benefit analysis is carried out before a coastal management project is given the go ahead. costs are forecast and then compared with the expected benefits.

Question 20

what is cliff regrading

Answer 20

regrading an unstable cliff prone to sudden collapses it creates a new slope angle that is stable for the rock type

Question 21

2 advantages and disadvantages of cliff regrading

Answer 21

+lowers the risk of MM
+will remain stable as the base is protected from marine erosion
-other sea defences are needed for the base
-only lowers the risk of MM not preventing it

Question 22

what is beach nourishment

Answer 22

replaced the beach sediment eroded or transporters by LSD.
a large beach will absorb wave energy and protect the back shore from erosion

Question 23

2 advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

Answer 23

+ looks natural
+will support the local tourist industry as larger beach
-not long lasting (winter time)
-sediment may have been dredged offshore so will deepens water so more destructive waves then more erosion

Question 24

what is dune stabilisation

Answer 24

planting grass or geo fabric whilst monitoring them to keep them in place and stable

Question 25

2 advantages and disadvantages of dine stabilisation

Answer 25

+provides natural ecosystem and recreational area +can be used to restore dunes lost to storm surges -may need to be fenced off whilst the plants are growing -powerful storms can undo stabilisation efforts

Question 26

what is marsh creation

Answer 26

a form of managed retreat by allowing low lying coastal areas to be flooded by the sea the land then becoming a salt marsh

Question 27

2 advantages and disadvantages of marsh creation

Answer 27

+relatively cheap +creates a natural defence -agri land is lost -farmers or landowners need to be compensated

Question 28

what is revetment

Answer 28

these are sloped walls made of concrete, wood or rocks place parallel to the back shore but a short distance infront of it to break the waves

Question 29

2 advantages and disadvantages of revetment

Answer 29

+absorb wave energy +a cheaper alternative to sea walls -may need constant maintenance as the wood is abraded by powerful waves -reduces access up and down the width of a beach

Question 30

what is are offshore breakwaters

Answer 30

rock boulder may be dropped and aligned in short lengths in shallow nearshore waters parallel to the sore

Question 31

2 advantages and disadvantages of offshore breakwaters

Answer 31

+can crest sheltered water areas for water sports as well as keeping a beach in place for tourist use +can be used to protect the entrance to harbour creating calmer waters for safe entry or exit -may looks unsightly -may create increased deposition on the landward slide

Question 32

what are gabions

Answer 32

pebbles in wire baskets which when tied together can make a wall that can absorb wave energy and break up waves

Question 33

2 advantages and disadvantages of gabions

Answer 33

+very flexible in terms of placement +relatively cheap and easy to maintain +not very strong for high energy location +may be considered unsightly

Question 34

what are groynes

Answer 34

timber or rock structures built at right angles to the coast. they trap sediment along the coast by LSD making a higher/wider beach so that waves release their energy rather that on the back shore

Question 35

2 advantages and disadvantages of groynes

Answer 35

+maintain the size of a beach which protects the coast +less expensive than sea walls -not natural could be considered unsightly -wood can be expensive to maintain

Question 36

what is a sea walls

Answer 36

a curved bit of stone or concrete at the foot of a cliff or the top of a beach to help y reduce weave energy, reflecting waves back into the sea

Question 37

2 advantages and disadvantages of sea walls

Answer 37

+give people confidence and a sense of security +prevent high water moving inland -very expensive -looks unnatural

Question 38

what is rip rap

Answer 38

large rocks places at the foot of a cliff or the top of a beach. breaking up and dissipating the wave energy but allowing some water to pass through

Question 39

2 advantages and disadvantages of rip rap

Answer 39

+long lasting and flexible in use +can be placed at vulnerable points in the back shore to protect the base -may looks unsightly or unnatural -can create access difficulties as they are dangerous to climb over

Question 40

socials losses due to coastal recession

Answer 40

relocation and displacement this can cause loss of cultural heritage and ancestral land may affect identity decline in amenity value as less access to beach and less tourism so therefore beaches and businesses suffer maybe impacting well being of locals

Question 41

economic losses due to coastal recession

Answer 41

-business and tourism losses as commercial properties are destroyed affecting local economies -agri land is lost affecting farming and fishing industries

Question 42

environmental impacts of coastal recession

Answer 42

loss is coastal ecosystems and habitats or they are adapted by erosion as it’s a natural process

Question 43

explain how integrated coastal zone management strategies are intended to be sustainable

Answer 43

-Holistic approach, 3 pillars of sustainability (env,soc,eco) taking into account to avoid conflict -SMP (shoreline management plan) deciding whether to advance, retreat or hold the line) based on on complex judgement such as land value and environmental sensitivity also CBA cost benefit analysis and EIA environmental impact assessment