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Geography Paper 1 > Coasts Eq1 > Flashcards

Coasts Eq1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a high energy environment

A

Destructive waves breaking on shingle beaches

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2
Q

What is a Low energy environments

A

Constructive waves breaking upon sandy beaches

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3
Q

What is a Protected environment

A

Where wave action is limited in small shelter (eg a split)

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4
Q

Characteristics of high energy coasts
Waves.
Processes.
Landforms.
General location.

A

Waves-more powerful (destructive) waves, calmer conditions

Processes-sediments from eroded land, mass movement and weathering, supplied by offshore currents.

Landforms-cliffs, wave cut platforms, arches, sea caves, stacks

General location- exposed to largest waves, highland and lowland coats, rocky landscape.

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5
Q

Characteristics of low energy coasts

Waves.
Processes.
Landforms.
General location.

A

Waves- less powerful (constructive) waves, storm conditions

Processes- sediments from rivers, longshore drift and near shore currents

Landforms- beaches, spots, bars, sand dunes, mudflats and salt marshes

General location- sheltered from large waves, can cause vegetation to grow and sand dunes

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6
Q

High energy coasts summarised

A

Where the rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition

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7
Q

Low energy coasts summarised

A

Where the rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion

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8
Q

Terrestrial factors affecting coasts

A

The type of rock (eg the soft rock will erode quicker, hard rock slower)

Tectonics in the area (earthquakes can move rock or trigger tsunamis)

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9
Q

Human factors affecting coasts

A

Global warming is altering the shape of the coastlines due to the rising sea levels

Humans can settle on coastlines and will rise to the proximity of the sea

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10
Q

atmospheric factors affecting coasts

A

Climate change

Temperature alter the shape of the coast

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11
Q

Marine factors affecting the coasts

A

Waves, tides and salt spray play in altering the shape of coasts

Corals can alter the shape of the coasts

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12
Q

Primary coasts facts

A

Develops from non marine processes

Only gets altered since the last raise in sea level

Partially drowned by the post glacial rise of sea level

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13
Q

Secondary coasts facts

A

Shape primarily by Marine Action

May or may not be primary before

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14
Q

what is macro-scale

A

concordant and discordant

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15
Q

what is meso scale

A

folds,faults and dips

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16
Q

what is a micro scale

A

bedding planes, joints, pores

17
Q

3 factors affecting rock resistance

A

-hardness
-structure~ affecting how water and wind interacts with the surface
-PH~ affects erosion resistance by influencing mineral stability + chemical reactions

18
Q

what is a permeable rock

A

it allows water to pass through them and cracks and joints enlarge

19
Q

what is a impermeable rock

A

it does not allow groundwater flow and allows greater amounts of surface runoff, this has its own erosive force on the face of a cliff

20
Q

examples of igneous rock (interlocking crystals make it v strong)

A

extrusive-basalt, andesite and obsidian
intrusive- granite diorite and gabbro

21
Q

examples of sedimentary rock (resistant to erosion less strong)

A

clastic rocks-bits of rock cemented together (sandstone, shale and mudstone)
organic rocks- chalk and coal
chemical rocks-limestone, gypsum and rock salt

22
Q

examples of metamorphic rock (clastic-loose parts erodes very quickly)

A

gneiss, schist, quartzite, slate and marble

23
Q

what is strata

A

its layers of rock

24
Q

what are bedding planes

A

natural breaks in the strata (horizontal cracks)

25
Q

what are joints

A

these are by contraction as sediments dries out or by the earth movements during up lifts (vertical cracks)

26
Q

what are folds

A

they are formed by pressure during tectonic activity which make rock buckle and crumble (looks like squares on cliff face)

27
Q

what are faults

A

formed then the pressure to which a rock is subjected to exceeds its internal strength ( causing it to fracture)

28
Q

what are dips

A

this refers to the angle at which rock strata lies (horizontally, vertically, dipping towards the sea or dipping inland)

29
Q

how to tell the difference between concordant coasts and discordant coasts

A

CONcordant- constantly parallel to the coast

DIScordant-different when looking such as the angles or lines

30
Q

what is an anticline

A

fold in the rock strata that is arched upwards to the ridge

31
Q

what is a syncline

A

it folds in the rock strata that arches down

32
Q

what is backshore

A

this is the area between the high water mark and the landward limit of marine activity (the sand between a cliff not in water)

33
Q

what is foreshore

A

the area lying between the high water mark and the low water mark and is often seen as the most important area for marine activity (where you would swim)

34
Q

what is nearshore

A

the area between the low water mark and the point where the waves cease to have influence on land around them

35
Q

what is offshore

A

the area beyond the point where waves cease to impact the seabed and in which activity is limited to the deposition of sediment

Geography Paper 1 (1 decks)

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