EQ4

Question 1

What are the economic losses due to coastal recession?

Answer 1

housing, businesses, agricultural land,

infrastructure

Question 2

what are the social losses due to coastal recession?

Answer 2

relocation, loss of livelihood,

amenity value

Question 3

list 5 hard engineering strategies

Answer 3

“groynes, sea walls, rip rap,

revetments, offshore breakwaters” according to the spec-why the fuck are gabions not on there i’m so upset

Question 4

what is a revetment?

Answer 4

basically a sloping sea wall made of wood and stone or concrete
they’re permeable and absorb wave energy and reduce swash distance by encouraging infiltration through them. they reduce erosion on dune faces and mad banks and can encourage deposition or become vegetated.

Question 5

how do offshore breakwaters work?

Answer 5

force waves to break offshore, reducing wave energy at coast. deposition encouraged between breakwater and beach.can interfere with LSD. calm water lagoon forms behind it.

Question 6

what are the soft engineering?

Answer 6

beach nourishment, cliff regrading
and drainage, dune stabilisation
that was a well worded question

Question 7

what actually is dune stabilisation?

Answer 7

fence used to reduce wind speeds across the dunes, which are then replaced with marram grass and lyme grass to stabilise the surface.

Question 8

in the uk what is coastal management overseen by?

Answer 8

DEFRA- Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs

Question 9

what did defra introduce?

Answer 9

shoreline management plans (1995)- 4 policies available for coastal management: hold the line, advance the line, no active intervention, strategic realignment.

Question 10

what are policy decisions based on?

Answer 10

engineering feasibility, environmental sensitivity, land value, political and social reasons

Question 11

what are the 3 time periods SMPs plan for?

Answer 11

up to 2025
2025-2055-might become managed retreat
post 2055

Question 12

what is a cba and an example?

Answer 12

used to help decide if defending a coastline from erosion/flooding is economically viable.
eg Happisborough: cost of sea defences-6 million: very close to value of property that would be saved, much higher than compensation costs available to local residents- village not defended as afffects whoe sediment cell.

Question 13

what are some groups that may conflict at the coast?

Answer 13

homeowners, local authorities, environmental pressure

groups

Question 14

why is erosion in the developing world often rapid?

Answer 14

widespread destruction of mangrove forests for fuelwood and, apparently, shrimp farms.
rapid unplanned coastal develpment and urbanisation-development of tourist resorts with no cohesion.
upstream dams reducing sediment supply to the coast.

Question 15

what are the threats to the namibian coastline?

Answer 15

• diamond mining-sea(dredging) and land(mines, scarring landscape)
• tourism-quad biking-unregulated, scarring landscape
• overfishing-affecting habitats in area
• overpopulation-high pop density
• oil and gas exploration and offshore mining of minerals

Question 16

what did namibia do with its coastline?

Answer 16

turned the whole coast into a national park- Namib-Skeleton Coast National Park covers 26.6 million acres.
focus on ecotourism
govt policy on coastal management is holistic, sustainable, integrated.

Question 17

what is the central govt’s view of coastal management?

Answer 17

Environmental Agency get given budget, responsible for overall coastal management-budget cut in 2010 when tories came into power. ew.

Question 18

what is the geology on the holdernesss coast?

Answer 18

glacial till/drift- boulder clay.

Question 19

what is the fetch of the holderness coast?

Answer 19

short-500-800km across north sea

BUT current circulate around uk from atlantic- 5000km fetch