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Coasts > EQ3 > Flashcards

EQ3 Flashcards

1
Q

what eustatic factors affect longer term sea level changes?

A

ice formation
ice melting
thermal changes

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2
Q

what isostatic factors affect longer term sea level changes?

A

post glacial adjustment
subsidence
accretion

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3
Q

what do you find on an emergent coastline?

A

raised beaches with fossil cliffs

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4
Q

what do you find on a submergent coastline?

A

rias
fjords
Dalmatian coasts

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5
Q

what local factors increase flood risk on some low lying and estuarine coasts?

A

height
degree of subsidence
vegetation removal

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6
Q

how does climate change directly increase coastal flood risk?

A

increases:
frequency of storms
magnitude of storms
sea levels.

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7
Q

what is the maldievs’ average level above sea level?

A

1.5m

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8
Q

what is the maldives’ hgihes point?

A

2.4m

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9
Q

what are the 2 reasons for sea level rise?

A

ice caps and glaciers melting

thermal expansion

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10
Q

what’s happening in kiribati?

A

president anote bought 20km2 of fijian land, so they have refuge somewhere else.
it will be used immediately for agriculture and fish farming projects, to guarantee the nation’s food security.

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11
Q

what are rising sea levels causing in kiribati?

A

contaminating its ground water sources and affecting its ability to grow crops.

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12
Q

what kind of landscape is kiribati?

A

33 widely spaced islands in the Pacific Ocean

very low lying sand and mangrove atolls.

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13
Q

what is an atoll?

A

a ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral.

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14
Q

what policy has the government launched in kiribati?

A

“migration with dignity” policy to allow people to apply for jobs in neighbouring countries like new zealand.

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15
Q

what is eusostatic change?

A

when sea level rises or falls-global.

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16
Q

what is isostatic change?

A

when land level rises, relative to the sea-local

17
Q

what isostatic changes happen during glacial periods?

A

weight of ice sheets makes ground sink-isostatic subsidence.

18
Q

what isostatic changes happen during interglacial periods?

A

reduced weight of the ice causes land to rise-isostatic recovery/uplift.

19
Q

how does tectonic activity cause isostatic change?

A
  • uplift of mountain ranges +coastal land at destructive+collision plate boundaries
  • local tilting of land, eg local Mediterranean ports submerged and others stranded at sea level-turning of strata.
  • tsunamis
20
Q

what is an example of a tsunami causing eusostatic change?

A

at banda aceh in indonesia, after the 9.1 magnitude earthquake in 2004, some places were permanently submerged.

21
Q

what are 2 human factors affecting coastal retreat?

A

offshore dredging

coastal defences

22
Q

what are the effects of coastal flooding in australia?

A
  • $226billion worth of infrastructure and homes at risk if sea levels rise by 1.1m.
  • groundwater supplies may be affected by salt intrusion.
  • Great Barrier Reef, mangrove forests, salt marshes, sea grass will be trapped between rising sea levels and coastal defences.
  • coral reefs more than 50m deep will die
  • salt water will be pushed up estuaries due to sea level rise, affecting freshwater habitats like in kakadu national park.
23
Q

what are the effects of coastal flooding on the philippines?

A
  • $5.8billion a year
  • sea level rise higher than global average-5.8mm a year- because of trade winds and currents move water to islands.
  • Manila Bay-mangroves, corals, and sea grass destroyed by pollution and overexploitation, reducing their ability to protect the backshore from sea level rise.
  • fishermen-loss to community
  • tourism-beaches
24
Q

in bangladesh, what area of flooding would happen if sea levels rose by 1.5m?

A

22,000km2

25
Q

how many people in bangladesh have their drinking water contaminated by salt?

A

20 million

26
Q

what unesco world heritage site may be lost to sea level rise and why is this relevant?

A

Sundarbans- largest mangrove forest in the world, located in the Bay of Bengal.
would reduce protection from coastal floods.

27
Q

why are high tide levels rising in bangladesh?

A

land subsidising due to drainage, dredging of the channel, natural compaction of the delta.

28
Q

what is accretion?

A

the process of coastal sediment returning to the visible portion of a beach or foreshore following a submersion event

29
Q

how does a raised beach form and an example?

A

land rising because of isostatic uplift so former shoreline platforms and their beaches were raised above present sea level.
eg isle of arran-3 distinct raised beaches

30
Q

how are fossil cliffs formed and an example location?

A

remian of eroded cliff lines (relic cliffs) found behind raised beaches, eg west coast of scotland

31
Q

what is a ria and an example?

A

submerged RIVER valley. (v shaped) eg rhode island usa has a 10mile long ria formed of 3 rivers.

32
Q

what is a fjord?

A

sumberged GLACIAL valley (u shaped)/glacial trough. much deeper inland. has hanging valleys (created where smaller valleys meet the main glaciated valley)

33
Q

what local factors increase flood risk for low lying areas?

A

height-if storm surges or waves get higher than island it will flood
degree of subsidence-because of compaction of sediment under its own weight
vegetation removal-wave energy isn’t dissipated

34
Q

what are storm surges caused by?

A

depressions, tropical cyclones.

35
Q

what is the predicted share that thermal expansion will have of sea level rise?

A

53%

36
Q

what is the predicted share that glaciers melting will have to sea level rise?

A

28%

37
Q

what is the predicted share greenland melting will have of sea level rise?

A

5% (but observed is about 15!!)

38
Q

what are the expected sources of sea level rise?

A

thermal expansion
glaciers melting
greenland melting
antarctica melting

39
Q

what factors affect rate of recession?

A 
wind direction/fetch
tides
seasons
weather systems
occurrence of storms

Coasts (4 decks)

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