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Coasts > EQ2 > Flashcards

EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the erosion processes?

A

hydraulic action
corrosion
abrasion
attrition

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2
Q

what influences the erosion processes?

A

wave type
size
lithology

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3
Q

what distinctive coastal features does erosion create?

A

wave cut notches
wave cut platforms
cliffs
crack cave arch stack stump

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4
Q

what is sediment transportation influenced by?

A

angle of wave attack
tides and currents
process of longshore drift

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5
Q

which distinctive coastal landforms to transportation and deposition processes produce?

A 
beaches
recurved and double spits
offshore bars
barrier beaches and bars
tombolos
cuspate forelands
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6
Q

what are the subaerial processes?

A

mass movement and weathering.

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7
Q

what are the types of weathering?

A

mechanical
chemical
biological

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8
Q

what are examples of mass movement?

A

blockfall
rotational slumping
landslides

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9
Q

what distinctive landforms does mass movement create?

A

rotational scars
talus scree slopes
terraced cliff profiles

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10
Q

why is weathering important?

A

it is important in sediment production and influences rates of erosion.

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11
Q

what does wave size depend on?

A

strength+duration of wind
water depth
fetch

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12
Q

what is the process of a wave breaking?

A

at a water depth of about half the wavelength, the internal orbital motion of water in the wave touches the sea bed. this creates friction between the wave and the sea bed slowing down the wave. as the waves approach shore, wavelength decreases and height increases, causing waves to bunch together. the crest begins to move forward faster than the trough-when it outruns the trough the wave breaks.

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13
Q

what do summer beach profiles look like?

A

constructive waves
berm
sloping upwards steadily
steeper

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14
Q

what do winter beach profiles look like?

A

destructive plunging waves
bars
troughs/runnels
less steep, more variable

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15
Q

what do storm beaches look like?

A

high at the back of the beach- result from high energy deposition of v coarse sediment during the most severe storms.

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16
Q

what are offshore bars formed by?

A

destructive wave erosion and their deposition of sand and shingle offshore.

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17
Q

what are the sediment transport processes?

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

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18
Q

what is saltation?

A

sediment bounces along because of the force of the water or the wind.

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19
Q

what are the 2 main ways deposition can occur?

A

gravity settling

flocculation

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20
Q

what is gravity settling?

A

occurs when the energy of transporting water becomes too low to move sediment.

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21
Q

what is flocculation?

A

depositional process that’s important for small particles- they clump together because of chemical attraction and become large enough to sink.

22
Q

why do spits happen at the turn of the coast?

A

the LSD current spreads out and loses energy, leading to deposition.

23
Q

why do tombolos form?

A

wave refraction around an island, creating an area of calm water and deposition between the island and the coast.

24
Q

what is another word for a bar?

A

barrier beach

25
Q

why do hooked/recurved spits occur?

A

Refraction around the end of a spit curves it into a “hook”-end curved landward, into bay or inlet.

26
Q

what is a cuspate foreland?

A

triangular shaped depositional feature

27
Q

how are cuspate forelands formed?

A

YEET they don’t know- maybe LSD from 2 directions

28
Q

what are the sources of a sediment cell?

A 
offshore bars
river systems 
erosion of cliffs
aeolian (wind blown) sediment
weathering and mass movement (subaerial processes)
29
Q

what are the transfer zones of a sediment cell?

A 
(LSD and offshore currents)
beaches
parts of dunes
salt marshes
tides
30
Q

what are 2 examples of negative feedback mechanisms in sediment cells?

A

1) large cliff collapse occurs. rock debris at base of cliff protects it from wave attack, slowing down erosion.
2) major erosion of sand dunes could lead to excessive deposition offshore, creating an offshore bar that reduces wave energy allowing dunes a chance to recover.

31
Q

what is a sediment cell an example of?

A

dynamic equilibrium

32
Q

what are the 3 types of weathering?

A

mechanical
chemical
biological

33
Q

2 types of mechanical weathering?

A 
freeze thaw
salt crystallisation (growth of salt crystals in cracks exerting breaking force)
34
Q

3 types of chemical weathering?

A

carbonation-rain (dilute carbonic acid) dissolving limestone
hydrolysis-breakdown of minerals due to the effect of CO2 and H2O
oxidation- forms iron oxides increasing volume of material contributing to mechanical weathering

35
Q

2 types of biological weathering?

A

plant roots

rock boring- clams and molluscs that bore into rock + secrete chemicals that dissolve rock.

36
Q

what are 3 types of mass movement?

A

blockfall
rotational slumping
landslides

37
Q

what landform can blockfall create?

A

talus scree slopes

38
Q

what landforms does rotational slumping create?

A

back-scar and terraced cliff profile

39
Q

what is rotational slumping?

A

huge masses of material slowly rotate downslope along a curved failure surface

40
Q

what landforms does erosion create?

A

wave cut notches, wave cut platforms, cliffs, the cave-arch-stack stump sequence

41
Q

what is sediment transportation influenced by?

A

angle of wave attack, tides and currents and the process of longshore drift.

42
Q

what coastal landforms do transportation and deposition form?

A

beaches, recurved and double spits,
offshore bars, barrier beaches and bars, tombolos and
cuspate forelands

43
Q

what is a double spit and an example?

A

when there’s spits on 2 sides of a river

eg poole harbour

44
Q

what is a recurved spit?

A

when it hooks twice

45
Q

why does a spit curve?

A

wave refraction carries material to a more sheltered area and deposits it.

46
Q

how are offshore bars (sandbars) formed?

A

destructive plunging waves erode sand fro the beach with their strong backwash and deposit it offshore

47
Q

how is a cuspate foreland formed?

A

LSD from opposite directions form triangular shaped headland extending out from main coastline.

48
Q

how are barrier islands formed?

A

when barrier beaches (bars) get separated from the mainland

49
Q

what are the 3 aspects of the sediment cell?

A

sources
transfers
sinks

50
Q

what type of bedding planes produce the steepest cliffs?

A

vertical or horizontal

51
Q

which temporal factors affect beach profiles?

A

over a day eg storm (destructive-constructive)
summer + winter
changes to climate

Coasts (4 decks)

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