EQ3 Sustainability and environmental concerns key words Flashcards
Income per capita ?
mean avg income of a group of ppl
pro’s and con’s of income per capita ?
+ Calculated by taking an aggregate source of income for a country and dividing it by pop. size to give. crude avg.
- this can give a misleadingly high ‘typical’ figure if large numbers of high-earners inflate the mean
GDP?
the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nations borders, including the value added by any foreign-owned businesses that have located operations there.
pro’s and cons of GDP use?
+ Most widely used aggregate measure , therefore has long history which can be used to compare figures and growth
- every citizen and businesses earnings must be accounted for, including illegal or unregistered work in the informal sector, skewing developing countries’ GDP values
+ each country’s GDP is converted into US dollars , making it easier to compare between countries
- currency exchange rates are constantly changing , making it unreliable
economic sector balance ?
- a formula devised by each country that estimate that different sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing make to total national income.
pro’s and cons of economic sector balance ?
+ Examines industrial change over time in greater detail
+ used in calculation of GDP
- fails to recognise that informal sector still contributes to a country’s national income.
Human development index?
- a composite measure that ranks countries according to economic criteria and social criteria.
- used in it’s Current form since 2010
Pro’s and cons of HDI?
+ considers social not just economic criteria, taking things like quality of life into account.
- fails to take into account factors such as inequality, poverty, and gender disparity.
- wealthy countries with smaller populations tend to do better in rankings, Nordic countries.
gender inequality index?
composite index that measures gender inequalities related to 3 aspects of social and Econ. dev. ;
- reproductive health
- empowerment
- labour force and participation rate of both genders aged 15 yrs or older
pro’s and cons of GII ?
- fails to consider the new gender’s that have emerged , disregard for the new wave of LGBTQ that now accounts for a sig. prop. of pop.
environmental quality?
Measurement of five environmental domains: air, water, land, built and sociodemographic
pro’s and con’s of environmental quality?
+ considering sustainability and preservation as. a sig. factor to a country’s development , not solely focus on Econ.
define absolute poverty
when a persons income is too low for basic human needs to be met, potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness.
define relative poverty
- when a persons income is too low to maintain the avg standard of living in. particular society,
- asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative poverty
development gap?
- social and wealth inequality between rick and poor
gini coefficient ?
a measure of income inequality
local sourcing
the consuming of find that us grown or produced locally. The benefits may protect communities from the vulnerability of the global economy to world’s events and is also a more sustainable method of sourcing goods which reduces the ecological footprint of an area.
consumer society
A society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is
the most important social / economic activity.
transition town
- grassroot community projects that aim to increase self-sufficiency to reduce the potential effects of peak oil, climate destruction, and economic instability.
- bottom up initiatives
