EQ3

Question 1

Tensions b/ S

Answer 1

Nothing unusual
Though some = argue the recent shifts in patterns of power + the emergence of multiple potential S has led 2 an inc unstable geopolitical landscape

Question 2

Intellectual property rights

Answer 2

Grown sig since 1990s w/ globalisation of tech as well as rapid breakthrough in new technologies

Question 3

Rise = emerging nations

Answer 3

Provided a key market 4 counterfeit goods
= one of the most prevalent ways 2 violate international property rights
Some commentators arg = these countries have weak ability 2 protect intellectual property rights + little or no interest in doing so

Question 4

Counterfeit goods

Answer 4

Estimated 5-10% of world trade = CFG
Thought to cost hunters-thousands of jobs in places = USA+EU + hundreds of billions in lost revenue for businesses every year

Question 5

China violating intellectual property rights

Answer 5

Leading violator - leading = heightened tensions

Question 6

Tensions = territories + physical resources

Answer 6

South + East China seas
China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia all have competing claims for both island chains + sovereignty over ocean areas
Islands may have natural mineral reserves while the sea is a major shipping route + home 2 vital fishing grounds which support = livelihoods of ppl w/i the region
Tensions have risen dramatically over the last few years due 2 chinas programme of island-building + increasing naval patrols

Question 7

Contested geography

Answer 7

Superpowers are fuelled by resources = inc Human Resources (innovation + skill) as well as physical resources (fossil fuels, ores + minerals)
Some resources are contested due 2 following:
LAND BORDER b/ 2 countries in dispute (India + Pakistan)
OWNERSHIP of a landmass in dispute
Extent of a nations EXCLUSIVE ECON ZONE is in dispute or claimed by another nation

Question 8

Exclusive economic zones EEZ

Answer 8

Area of the ocean generally extending 230 miles beyond a nations territorial sea
W/I which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living + non-living resources
EEZ borders are decided by the UN in the event = dispute

Question 9

Intellectual property rights

Answer 9

Ensures that TNCs individuals + governments agencies can protect new inventions, trademarks, artistic works + trade secrets from others
Important = w/o it innovations + ideas can be stolen + used by others

Question 10

China intellectual property rights - apple

Answer 10

22 fake apple stores = China

Question 11

Importance of intellectual property rights

Answer 11

Grown sig since 1990s w/ = globalisation of tech + rapid breakthroughs in tech
Rise of emerging nations = provided a key market = counterfeit food. One of the most prevalent way 2 violate IPR
These countries = weak ability 2 protect IPR + so little-no interest in doing so
Estimated 5-10% of world trade is in counterfeit goods

Question 12

Chinas actions = S+E CS

Answer 12

Implications = USA + other countries in Southeast Asia
Building islands = direct attack on UN Law of Sea as construction is happening in areas = disputed
China is taking control of places claimed by other countries
China is challenging US naval + air traffic in the area. Begun 2 question the right of US ships + aircraft’s 2 sail + fly in disputed areas
Controlling who can pass through there with no actual rights 2 do so = one of the worlds most important trade routes

Question 13

China = aggressive = SCS

Answer 13

Stealing resources in the SCS
Beijing uses intimidation 2 undermine the sovereign rights of SE Asian coast states (Philippians, Singapore, Malaysia) in the SECS
Bully them out of offshore resources threatening them out of shipping lanes
Assert unilateral dominance + deprive fishermen of access 2 their livelihoods

Question 14

China + Africa

Answer 14

Chinas investment into = African continent has grown exponentially = recent times
Order 2 fuel it’s rapid econ development C needs 2 secure a reliable supply of raw materials + growing market = manufactured goods
C is now Africas’ largest trade partner buying 1/3 of its oil
Trade b/ them totalled around 160bn
Generate both opportunities + challenges w/I A+C

Question 15

China + India

Answer 15

Concurrent rise = C+I has inc = geopolitical influence
Both = keen 2 reform global governance institutions 2 reflect the new balance of power
Evidenced through the creation = G20 + BRIC new development bank
H/ rise C+I has also led 2 econ + political tensions w/i the region such as S+E China seas

Question 16

Colonial

Answer 16

Refers 2 direct control exerted over territories conquered mainly = European powers in periods 1600-1900
Rules almost no power/influence being given 2 OG pop of the colonies

Question 17

Neo-colonial

Answer 17

Indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree = control over the development of their former colonies
Achieved through varied means inc = conditions attached 2 aid + loans
Cultural influence (language) + military/economic support (covert/overt)

Question 18

Neo-c + c control = China e.g.

Answer 18

Kenya opened a $4 bn Chinese built railway
Largest in structure project in 50 years

Question 19

Rs based upon

Answer 19

NEO-C: S pulling the political strings = developing countries despite X ruling them directly as they did during the imperial era
UNFAIR TERMS = TRADE: cheap commodities exports for the developing world (coffe, coco, oil, copper) set against expensive manufactured import ants from HICs
BRAIN DRAIN of skilled workers from developing countries 2 boost developed world economies

Question 20

Rs China + Africa developing countries have

Answer 20

Neo-colonial one where C exploits A = cheap raw materials but Africa gets little in return
Developmental rs where Africa does develop in some aspects through trade + development to the global economy (railway network construction)

Question 21

Worlds econ timeline

Answer 21

1800-1900 the industrial rev = UK rapidly pulled world eco y towards Europe
2WW the dominant US pulled it across the Atlantic
Rise of EU edged the econ centre back east
1990 the shift is back towards Asia+China as the manufacturing sector growths
Shifts further 2 China + India as development of BRIC

Question 22

Asia by 2030

Answer 22

Asia could be a v economically + politically crowded continent
String case for India + Indonesia 2 have a permanent UN Security Council Seat
C + I are competing for Superpower Twtays other Asian economies will be fighting for 3rd + 4th + 5th place = regional power ranking

Question 23

Chinas 1 belt 1 road strategy

Answer 23

Aim 2 form a cohesive economic area by building infrastructure 2 increase trade + enhance cultural exchanges

Question 24

EU + US uncertainty

Answer 24

Both regions face sig econ challenges that prevent them from maintaining their global importance going forward. USA = arguably in a stronger position than EU
1. USA is made up of states which are X sovereign. Unlike EU which has 28. Much easier 2 get the former 2 agree on policy
USA is X ageing as fast = EU. Fertility rate = 1.9 versus 1.6 = EU
So pop I’ll be youthful for longer

Question 25

A multi polar world

Answer 25

Waffle about uncertainty for future - we can’t guess
There might be wars which will impact the pop size + GDP growth + impacts of global warming on planet

Question 26

Potential scenarios

Answer 26

US Hegemony (unipolar world)
Multi-polar world (numerous S around world)
Asian century - unipolar world (China + regional powers around C)
New Cold War (bi-polar world) = USA + China competing as 2 global S