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Superpowers - A Level Geography > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Superpower

A

Nation with the means to protect its power + influence anywhere in the world
Global dominant force
Demands huge resources

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2
Q

Timeline of superpowers

A

1850-1950= UK + USSR
1945-1990= USA + Russia
1900-present = Russia, Japan,USA
21st century

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3
Q

Emerging superpower

A

Rising primarily economic influence of a nation
Steadily increased their presence in the world

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4
Q

Hyper power

A

Unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power
E.g. USA 1990-2010 + Britain 1850-1910

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5
Q

Emerging superpowers

A

Some countries are emerging as powerful forces + may attain superpower status in the future
EU + China are key contenders with Russia, India,Brazil + oil rich Gulf states powerful in particular ways

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6
Q

Soft power

A

Power of persuasion
Some countries can persuade others follow their lead by making policies attractive + appealing

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7
Q

Hard power

A

Getting your own way by force
Military action/conquest or the force of it
Creation of alliances both economic + military to marginalise others
Use of economic sanctions to damage a nations economy

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8
Q

Economic power

A

Economic or development aid from one nation to another
Signing favourable trade agreements to increase economic ties

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9
Q

Criteria defines a superpower

A

Military strength
Demographic (pop)
Economic strength
Resources
Political
Cultural

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10
Q

Resources

A

Countries w/ resources necessary for economic development should hold sig power
E.g. Russia-gas Middle East-oil
H/ these countries w/ sig resources are not necessarily powerful because:
- exporting raw materials adds little value (e.g. Australia- iron ore)
- TNCs control large volumes of resources (e.g. BP-Nigeria)

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11
Q

Military indicators

A

Countries w/ large military may be viewed to be more powerful e.g. India
H/ type of weapons owned is also representative of power
I.e. countries in possession of nuclear weapons: USA, Russia, France, China, North Korea, Israel

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12
Q

Economic indicators

A

Countries w/ largest economies have a sig influence over global economies
2007 woirld 12 largest economies were: USA, China, India, Japan, Canada, Brazil, UK, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Russia
B/ these countries they earn 2/3rds of worlds GDP
Control investment
Use worlds most powerful currencies
Determine economic policies which affect the globe

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13
Q

Maintaining power

A

International influence needs 2 be maintained
S. Do this by using different mechanisms - some hard (overt) some soft + more subtle (covert)
S. Use hard power mechanisms because these are the most obvious + threatening. E.g. the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is a military alliance providing the USA with allies in North America, Europe, Middle East

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14
Q

SP - culture + ideology

A

Using media 2 promote a particular image + message
Values + ideology of some nations are seen as appealing
Exporting culture in the form = film + TV or globally recognised brands
Education!

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15
Q

MP - Economic power - aid and trade

A

Favouring certain trade partners
Trade blocs + alliances
Giving allies economic + technical help
Using aid 2 influence policies

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16
Q

HP - Military presence + force

A

Military action or threat
Military alliances = NATO

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17
Q

HP - Military presence + force

A

Military action or threat
Military alliances = NATO

18
Q

Mechanisms of power are changing - Dubai

A

Planes leaving Dubai can reach any other location in the world non-stop
Become a major hub airport, threatening global dominance of Heathrow

19
Q

Mechanisms of power are changing HEARTLAND THEORY

A

Halford Mackinder believed that 2 exert influence it was crucial for a country 2 control strategic areas of land (geostrateguc theory)
Identified a region = Eurasia from Russia - China named the heartland

20
Q

Heartland theory

A

Whoever controls the heartland controls the world island
Whoever controls the world island will soon rule the world

21
Q

Different types of polarity

A

As patterns of power change over time there may be 1 2 or multiple superpowers extending their power globally
Uni-polar world = dominated by one superpower e.g. British Empire
Bi-polar world is one in which 2 superpowers with differing ideologies compete for power E.g. Cold War
Multi-polar world is more complex - many superpowers + emerging powers compete for power in different regions

22
Q

Imperialism

A

Rs of political, economic or cultural control b/ geographical areas
Colonisation - physical settling of people from a colonial power within their colony

23
Q

Importance of Navy + Military (HP)

A

British empire was founded on exploration + sea power
Royal Navy dominated the seas from around 1700-1930s
Protected trading routes
Navy provided a link b/ the home country + overseas colonies
Navy = symbol of military power

24
Q

How were colonies controlled - India

A

British military personnel, civil servants + entrepreneurs emigrated to India
Educated Indians (speaking English) occupied lower administrative positions
Symbols of imperial power were built by the British as a symbol of political power, wealth, prestige (presidential palace = Dehli)
Acculturation took place - British traditions were introduced
British ‘modernised’ India building an extensive rail network - enabling exports

25
Q

Fall of British Empire

A

ECONOMIC DECLINE
Britain overspent on war. Was effectively bankrupt + after WW2 was showing serious signs of economic ‘slowdown’
LOSS OF MILITARY INFLUENCE
Heavy losses during the war - beaten in Europe + Asia.
LOSS OF COLONIES
Many colonies fought for the allies with their own independent armies. One by one after the war most of the colonies became independent.

26
Q

Cold War Superpowrs

A

World today = Uni-polar
During Cold War era = Bi-polar with 2 superpowers USA + USSR
2 superpowers acted in different ways + the world was known as multi-faceted (2 sides)

27
Q

USSR

A

Communism

28
Q

USA

A

Capitalism

29
Q

Two different ideologies: Communism vs Capitalism

A

After 2nd WW 2 global superpowers emerged the USA followed a policy 2 globalise its sphere of influence + become a stronger player in the world system
H/ the beliefs + politics of the USSR DIDNT agree with USA
In order = become m powerful the USSR took advantage of collapsed countries in Europe + enforced a communist regime

30
Q

Cultural hegemony

A

Most obvious way of maintaining power is through direct force
H/ power is X generally maintained in this way unless a society’s leaders feel under threat of being overthrown by their people
CH = power is maintained hugely by consent
Values of those in power were accepted by people + this kept them in power
Media subtly reinforces such values - idea of the powerful then becomes accepted as the way things are

31
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

Refer 2 an indirect form of control that meant new,y independent countries were not actually masters of their own destiny

32
Q

Indirect control

A

How developing countries could be influenced + controlled after they gained independence from their former colonial masters

33
Q

Mechanisms of Neo-colonial control

A

Strategic alliances
Aid
TNC investment
Terms of trade
Debt

34
Q

Strategic alliance

A

Military alliances b/ developing nations + superpowers make the developing nation dependent on military aid + equipment from the superpowrr

35
Q

Debt

A

Developing countries borrow money from developed ones + then end up in a debtor-creditor rs

36
Q

Aid

A

Development aid comes with tied aid. Forcing the recipient 2 agree to policies + spending priorities suggested by the aid donor

37
Q

TNC investment

A

Investment from abroad may create jobs + wealth but be dependent on the receiving country

38
Q

Terms of trade

A

Low commodity export prices contrast w/ high prices for imported goods from developed countries inhibiting development

39
Q

Future superpowers

A

BRIC: Brazil Russia India China
G20 Major Economies = Mexico Indonesia South Korea Saudi Arabia Turkey

40
Q

Intergovernmental organisations

A

Free market capitalism + free trade have been promoted by many global IGOs
IGOs are regional or global organisations whose members are nation states.
Uphold treaties + international law as well as allowing cooperation on issues = trade, economic, policy, human rights, conservation + military operations

Superpowers - A Level Geography (3 decks)

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