EQ3 Flashcards
whats fracking
the process of drilling down into the earth before high pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release gas inside. water, sand and chemicals are injected to the rock at high pressures which allows the gas to flow out the head of the well
in 2015, how did the UK try to readdress and rebalance the north-south divide
by developing the northern powerhouse 9hs2 is one example)
why have house prices risen in the uk
due to the rise in life expectancy and lack of housing supply
what do national govs often work with and why
often work with local and regional organizations to ensure infrastructure projects become successful
what’s the key player chambers of commerce?
an association of business people to promote commercial and industrial interests in the community
keys players:
socio-economic groups:
chambers of commerce
- trade unions
main responsibilities of the local government: competing for investment
designating areas for development for domestic and foreign investors ( science parks)
examples: Oxford and Cambridge science parks
what are the five major strategies that can be used to regenerate an area
retail led plans
tourism and leisure led regeneration
sports led regeneration
rural diversification
culture led regeneration
what can a local government do to create sympathetic business environments for investors (look at power point)
(what govs do to attract investors)
deregulation and provide tax holidays
create better infrastructure
subsidize infrastructure and transport
giving free or subsidized land
subsidize building infrastructure
main responsibilities of the local government: local decision making
-interest groups pay a key role in decision making about regeneration- often tensions between groups that wish to preserve urban environments and those that seek change. e.g Aylesbury
what are science parks used as (MAIN)
a way of encouraging investment
main responsibilities of the local government: regeneration strategies
adopting different strategies to attract investments
examples: sports led regeneration- Olympic park
what are science parks,
what does the encouragement lead to
A business support and technology transfer initiative that:
-encourages start up innovation (knowledge based businesses)
-provides an environment where larger businesses can develop close interactions with a particular centre of knowledge .
-formed links with unis
. leads to.
-improvements in infrastructure and services
-improvements in technology
-increase in office spaces
-improvements in higher education
attracts migrants (e.g elite students)
compare oxford and Cambridge science parks
oxford-
-world leading technology
-pleasant environment
-90 companies
Cambridge-
-parklands and wellbeing
-entrepreneurial
-well regarded
-130 companies
state general things:
Urban regeneration strat case study:2012 Olympics
a flagship regen project
large scale and prestigious
bold, signature architecture
Westfield
The queen elizabeth olympic park
aquatic centre
what does rebranding attempt to do
-attempt to represent areas as being more attractive for potential investors
what are the 3 National decisions made by UK government
fracking,
planning decisions,
house building targets
what’s reimaging
changing social perspective on a place
whats the aim of urban rebranding through regeneration and re-imaging
attract new investment
attract new visitors
attract new consumers
attract new residents
renew pride for existing residents
how has Cornwall been regenerated ( rural )
Newquay airport
Newquay Aero hub Business park- diversify Cornwalls economy away from
enterprise zone to attract investors and aid
national decision made by the UK government: Fracking
Fracking
-To meet the demands of the rise in population
-NIMBY
-Prioritises national needs
-local opposition
case study, national government decision for regeneration, Heathrow airport
Heathrow
-aim of expanding Heathrow airport
-want to reduce travel times (main aim)
-to improve accessibility to regenerate regions- ( Newcastle, Manchester and Glasgow regional airports invested in)
national decision made by the UK government:
House Building Targets
House Building targets
-lack of housing supply= houses have rapidly increased within the UK
- UK gov may be met with NIMBY opposition
- 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet current demand.
planning laws like greenbelt policy make releasing new land hard to achieve. Lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into an area.
negs of Cornwalls rural regen
not as many aero hub jobs were created- only 450
still heavily reliant on tourists
airport close to empty in the winter
What are the two ways in which reaeration is managed
by national governments (UK government)- they play vital roles in regeneration
-by local governments- aim to represent areas as attractive for inwards investment
case study, national government decision for regeneration, HS2…
HS2
aimed at addressing inequalities in income (north south divide)
long term project
to aid the OVERALL development of the country
in 2015, the UK government created the Northern Powerhouse (proposal to boost economic growth)
£56 bn railway-> financial cost is too high
the gov expects it to create £20,000 jobs
Wildlife Trusts state that it will lead to a net loss of biodiversity
quicker commute times
-acts on preventing a two-speed economy
farmers land taken away
-people’s homes destroyed
UK government decision making: what has the open door policy led to
Open door policy- opening UKs borders to migration has led to rapid economic development and regeneration as migrants have brought population growth and businesses
national decision made by the UK government:
Planning decisions
Planning decisions
-To achieve economic development some local gov laws are overridden
- want to increase potential of local regeneration e.g. building on a greenfield site
UK government decision making: open to deregulation
Deregulation: the UK is very open to foreign investment, including allowing foreign people and companies to buy property. In 2016, the Guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens. These properties may not be lived in, or even rented.
Leads to rising house prices
what are the local interest groups that can be of use to local governments
Chambers of Commerce: these organisations represent business and industry in a local area, and persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training.
Trade unions: their jobs is to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions; their support is important to many companies that want good worker-manager relationships.
Education: schools, further and higher education establishments provide the skilled workers modern business need so they are key partners.
Local groups: regeneration and development involves change, so local environmental (preservation) groups, historical preservation societies and even wildlife groups need to be involved so that change does not lead to negative local consequences.
how can the local government gain investment
local governments make an area more attractive to investors and national govs by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest. For partnership for regeneration to work they need to include as many players as possible: (local interest groups)
what are 3 responsibilities of the local government
-Competing for investment- (science parks)
-local decision making- (ensuring as many stakeholders are happy)
-regeneration strategies- ( attract investment; sports led regen in Olympic park.)
how has Cornwall rebranded to reduce dependence on tourism and what are the positives and negatives:
Newquay aero hub business park:
+cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status
+the aerohub is a partnership between cornwall council and private investors panning to diversify cornwall away from reliance on tourism
+-by the end of 2015, only 450 out of the hoped 700 jobs were created
+businesses attracted
-still heavy reliance on tourism
what is the main way in which rural areas rebrand
tourism:
-heritage and literacy associations (Bronte country)
-farm diversification and specialised products e.g wine tasting
- outdoor activities
-
one way in which local governments have gained investment is through science parks (sympathetic business environments), name some facts abt science parks
-Cambridge Science Park has attracted 100 companies, including global technology companies
high speed internet, attractive surroundings and facilities, modern, latest science technology, high tech industries that attract highly skilled employees
what are ways in which Cornwall has rebranded for tourism
-Watergate bay hotel opened (employed 50-60 people)
-Uni of Exeter to reduce brain drain
-The Eden Project was built
name some facts about the Olympic parks regeneration which was aided by national and local governments
-regen including retail led plans, tourism, leisure and sport
-public sector investment
-sports led regen
-multitude of players involved
-adopting different strats to gain investment
- previously deprived
-to create a sports legacy
-gyms, sports fields, playgrounds, cafés
-Westfield is the worlds largest shopping city in Europe
-over 20,000 jobs could be created by 2030
- og plans accounted for 50% of all housing in the area to be affordable but local gov in the area wanted more expensive houses as this would improve local government budgets making the area more unaffordable (tensions)
government and private investment: powys regeneration:
-regen including public/private rural diversification (gov and private investment to help rural areas to have a lower reliance on farming)
-regen strategy was designed to… (from powys country council)
1. encourage private partners/ business to invest
2. work with local groups to enable them to regenerate using their own strats
3.trying to create multiplier effects from promoting localised spending
4. improve broadband connectivity to so younger people stay
5. encourage local communities to diversify by using natural assets e.g sustainable tourism and renewable energy.
Powy relies on input from stakeholders:
-powy wants to develop a niche for their place so is distinctive W
-council will share info on regen strats
what are the Benedits and Costs of the Eden project
Benefits:
+ it employs 400 full time staff
+ each visitor spends an average of £150 when visiting the Eden Project either there or in the local area
Costs:
large amounts of traffic congestion so polluting the environment
-the project has an extremely high carbon footprint due to specialist materials required
whats a signal that Cornwall has been successful in rebranding
because Cornwall has a faster growth rate than the UK at 5.8% compared to 5.4% for the UK
what are the 4 regeneration strategies for rural areas
media (popular TV programmes)
outdoor pursuits (walking)
farm diversification
sustainable rural lievlihoods
what 3 factors have led to reduced housing supply in the UK (this is the negative effect of GOV policies)
immigration (has increased pop)
-deregulation ( foreign people can buy property- many houses may be empty in UK)
-second homes and holiday homes (there are few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out)
what lead to decline of glasgow
Glasgow manufactured shipbuilding - global shift - collapsed
In 2015, who were the two shipyards owned by?
BAE system surface ships - builds advanced warships for royal navy
Who is the regen of Glasgow managed by?
Glasgow city council and scottish government
How has tertiary and quarternary sectors grown in Arts, culture, sport and tourists
Examples of investment
Because glasgow was EU capital of culture in 1990.
Uk and scottish govt invest in attracting tourists, increasing employment.
Glasgow science centre, Scottish exhibition
How has tertiary and quarternary sectors grown in residential development
Building homes, shops and restaurants
How has tertiary and quarternary sectors grown in media
BBC headquarters for scottish tv opened in 2007 in shipyard areas
When did plymouth decline?
Why?
1960s
City centre looks dated. Competes with Portsmouth to keep ship repair and services going
Who Is part of the regeneration project ‘ vision for plymouth’?
Council and Chamber of commerce
What are the regeneration projects in Plymouth so far?
Drake circus - shopping complex in city centre - retail led regeneration
Cruise terminal to attract international tourists
Plymouths science park - 70 business, 800 employed
Helped grow knowledge econ
Give facts about royal william yard
Plymouths most significant building - royal navy supply store
Who is restoring Royal william yard?
Urban splash - private sector regeneration company
-expensive to restore
