EQ2- Why Might Regeneration Be Needed

Question 1

What is mydrals cumulative causation model

Answer 1

Shows how a new industry, often a TNC, attracts employees and supporting companies to an area

Question 2

Give an example of how mydrals cumulative causation model would work in an area

Answer 2

New industry enters
Jobs are created through construction and other firms are attracted.
Population rises
Demand for services and spending power increases
Tertiary and quaternary sectors grow

Question 3

What is perception

Answer 3

How people engage with a place and their views on it based on lived experiences. These experiences can be real or imagined.

Areas perceived as successful are self sustaining due to opportunities created.

Question 4

Give some examples as to why the perception of a place by residents may differ

Answer 4

Younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy the opportunities in an urban area, lower earning people will not.
Older people will enjoy a slower pace of life in rural areas

Question 5

Why is Berkshire (M4 corridor) a successful region

Answer 5

New industries located in the area : major ICT companies (Microsoft), TNC headquarters (O2, Dulux and Vodafone)
Causes other industries to be attracted to the area , more workers needed (7000 - 10000 workers brought in from outside the EU)
Has good transport links to airports, central London (CBD) and Railways.

Question 6

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the M4 corridor scheme

Answer 6

S
Has good connectivity to the rest of the UK and globally. It allows well skilled workers from different areas to work in the area.
Increased economic development and high employment due to big number of TNC’s and ICT companies in the area

W
Increasing property prices in the area, high cost of living
Lack of well skilled workers employed in the UK, a lot from outside the EU

Question 7

What is the rustbelt

Answer 7

Is a term originating from the USA in reference to the once powerful manufacturing regions which fell into economic decline following automation, global shift and increasing free trade

Question 8

What is deindustrialisation

Answer 8

The decline in the industry sector leading to unemployment, triggering a spiral of decline

Question 9

How did social deprivation occur in the rustbelt area of Detroit

Answer 9

Lost 325,000 residents
Automobile industries relocated in developed countries
High unemployment led to diminishing tax which meant it could not support the infrastructure
Hundreds of thousands of properties were abandoned
City services were reduced which led to increased crime

Question 10

How has Detroit tried to rebuild after the economic decline

Answer 10

Gentrification has occurred
Regeneration occurred
The city has grants to be able to build 12,000 new affordable homes

Question 11

What are the priorities for Regeneration

Answer 11

Local and National governments must decide where financial resources are spent in order to reduce the level of economic and social inequalities

Question 12

What are the priorities for regeneration in Berkshire (7)

Answer 12

Build more affordable housing
Have more access to higher education
Reduce the inequalities in level of deprivation
Improve global communications (internet broadband)
Reduce the over reliance on one type of business (ICT)
Improve public transport links
Reduce the skill shortage of labour in the area

Question 13

What are the priorities for regeneration in different localities

Answer 13

Sink estates - Are housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime.
Gated communities - landscapes of surveillance, designed to deter access and reduce crime
Commuter villages - settlements with people living in them but who commute to nearby larger settlements
Declining rural settlements - lack of people and therefore a lack of services

Question 13

Define social issues

Answer 13

Group of people who feel they are being treated unfairly as they are not getting the same opportunities as other people.
E.g. lack of education, discrimination

Question 14

Define civic engagement

Answer 14

Ways in which people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life for others or to shape their communities future

Question 15

Explain political apathy

Answer 15

People unwillingly accept the conditions they live in but feel powerless to do anything and are not engaged in their local community

Question 16

What are the factors affecting political engagement

Answer 16

Age - older people are more likely to vote
Ethnicity - have different groups + connections
Gender - feels disconnected to leaders + feel issues are not heard
Levels of deprivation- feel voting does not help them in any scenario
Length of residence

Question 17

What is the relationship between political engagement and regeneration

Answer 17

Good political engagement can help as people can make their views clear about what needs improvement in their area

Question 18

Define marginalisation

Answer 18

Social process of feeling a part or excluded from the rest of society.

Question 19

What are the conflicts about priorities

Answer 19

Different groups within an area will have different experiences of issues meaning there are different views about the need for regeneration

Question 20

How and why does ethnicity and age cause attachment in a community to vary

Answer 20

Ethnicity : Particular ethnic groups have increased participation in their community

Age : Older people are more likely to be involved in their community and vote

Question 21

How and why does gender and length of residence cause attachment and involvement to vary

Answer 21

Gender : more women are likely to be involved in community work and when they are older

Length of residence: engagement of communities is unlikely to develop in a short period of time

Question 22

How and why does level of deprivation cause attachment and and involvement to vary

Answer 22

Deprivation influences voting and engagement. More deprived people are less involved in voting and their community

Question 23

How was a weak police response a cause of the 2011 London Riots

Answer 23

Police did not enforce straight away, gave people encouragement to commit crime without any consequences

Question 24

How did social and economic inequality cause the 2011 London Riots

Answer 24

London is less equal in wages, wealth and life chances
People may have felt they were not getting the same opportunities.
The richer people got richer

Question 25

How did high rates of youth unemployment cause the 2011 London Riots

Answer 25

Most rioters were under 20, they committed crime as they were not being employed and therefore had no reason to feel responsible for their actions

Question 26

How did racial profiling cause the London Riots in 2011

Answer 26

Black people felt an anger at being stop and searched more often and being mistreated by the police

Question 27

How did rank opportunism cause the London riots in 2011

Answer 27

More people were getting involved in petty criminality

Question 28

How was economic decline a need for regeneration in Tottenham

Answer 28

Since the 1970’s there was economic decline in the area
Illegal Landlords packed families into houses and flats
Gang culture made the integration of community difficult

Question 29

How does the impact on businesses effect regneration in Tottenham

Answer 29

The mayor of London invested £28million in Tottenham
Rebuilding the peacock estate, creating 5000 jobs
Closure of small businesses, unique to the area

Question 30

How does the impact on housing effect regeneration in Tottenham

Answer 30

The council is planning to build 10000 new homes

The development of Tottenham Hotspur’s stadium involves a requirement to build affordable homes

Question 31

How does the impact on community effect regeneration in Tottenham

Answer 31

People are worried religious diversity of churches created by African- Caribbean community will be lost
Most local residents are worried about losing out to regeneration

Question 32

What are benefits of regeneration in Tottenham

Answer 32

Potential less crime in the area
New jobs created
Improved education and training
Gentrification will boost the economy and encourage businesses to move to the area

Question 33

What is needed when evaluating the need for regeneration

Give examples

Answer 33

For a regeneration scheme a range of economic, social and environmental data is needed

Economic : unemployment
Social : access to education and healthcare
Environmental : a lack of green space

Question 34

Why is qualitative data needed when evaluating the need for regeneration

Answer 34

Collected from local community groups and will provide opinions and lived experiences

Question 35

Why is Quantitative data needed when evaluating the need for regneration

Answer 35

From government sources like ONS to provide measured facts

Question 36

How can different motivations be considered when evaluating the need for regeneration

Answer 36

Different players have different motivations and act differently when faced with an opportunity for redevelopment

Their motivations can lead to an element of bias and questions the reliability of a source

Question 37

What is the role of media when evaluating the need for regeneration

Is it reliable

Answer 37

Media is an example of Qualitative data which can be read in different ways when evaluating the need for regeneration

The representation of the media could be questioned due to bias. Authors are not completely neutral and have a personal opinion on regeneration