EQ2- Why Might Regeneration Be Needed Flashcards
What is mydrals cumulative causation model
Shows how a new industry, often a TNC, attracts employees and supporting companies to an area
Give an example of how mydrals cumulative causation model would work in an area
New industry enters
Jobs are created through construction and other firms are attracted.
Population rises
Demand for services and spending power increases
Tertiary and quaternary sectors grow
What is perception
How people engage with a place and their views on it based on lived experiences. These experiences can be real or imagined.
Areas perceived as successful are self sustaining due to opportunities created.
Give some examples as to why the perception of a place by residents may differ
Younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy the opportunities in an urban area, lower earning people will not.
Older people will enjoy a slower pace of life in rural areas
Why is Berkshire (M4 corridor) a successful region
New industries located in the area : major ICT companies (Microsoft), TNC headquarters (O2, Dulux and Vodafone)
Causes other industries to be attracted to the area , more workers needed (7000 - 10000 workers brought in from outside the EU)
Has good transport links to airports, central London (CBD) and Railways.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the M4 corridor scheme
S
Has good connectivity to the rest of the UK and globally. It allows well skilled workers from different areas to work in the area.
Increased economic development and high employment due to big number of TNC’s and ICT companies in the area
W
Increasing property prices in the area, high cost of living
Lack of well skilled workers employed in the UK, a lot from outside the EU
What is the rustbelt
Is a term originating from the USA in reference to the once powerful manufacturing regions which fell into economic decline following automation, global shift and increasing free trade
What is deindustrialisation
The decline in the industry sector leading to unemployment, triggering a spiral of decline
How did social deprivation occur in the rustbelt area of Detroit
Lost 325,000 residents
Automobile industries relocated in developed countries
High unemployment led to diminishing tax which meant it could not support the infrastructure
Hundreds of thousands of properties were abandoned
City services were reduced which led to increased crime
How has Detroit tried to rebuild after the economic decline
Gentrification has occurred
Regeneration occurred
The city has grants to be able to build 12,000 new affordable homes
What are the priorities for Regeneration
Local and National governments must decide where financial resources are spent in order to reduce the level of economic and social inequalities
What are the priorities for regeneration in Berkshire (7)
Build more affordable housing
Have more access to higher education
Reduce the inequalities in level of deprivation
Improve global communications (internet broadband)
Reduce the over reliance on one type of business (ICT)
Improve public transport links
Reduce the skill shortage of labour in the area
What are the priorities for regeneration in different localities
Sink estates - Are housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime.
Gated communities - landscapes of surveillance, designed to deter access and reduce crime
Commuter villages - settlements with people living in them but who commute to nearby larger settlements
Declining rural settlements - lack of people and therefore a lack of services
Define social issues
Group of people who feel they are being treated unfairly as they are not getting the same opportunities as other people.
E.g. lack of education, discrimination
Define civic engagement
Ways in which people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life for others or to shape their communities future
Explain political apathy
People unwillingly accept the conditions they live in but feel powerless to do anything and are not engaged in their local community
What are the factors affecting political engagement
Age - older people are more likely to vote
Ethnicity - have different groups + connections
Gender - feels disconnected to leaders + feel issues are not heard
Levels of deprivation- feel voting does not help them in any scenario
Length of residence
What is the relationship between political engagement and regeneration
Good political engagement can help as people can make their views clear about what needs improvement in their area
Define marginalisation
Social process of feeling a part or excluded from the rest of society.
What are the conflicts about priorities
Different groups within an area will have different experiences of issues meaning there are different views about the need for regeneration
How and why does ethnicity and age cause attachment in a community to vary
Ethnicity : Particular ethnic groups have increased participation in their community
Age : Older people are more likely to be involved in their community and vote
How and why does gender and length of residence cause attachment and involvement to vary
Gender : more women are likely to be involved in community work and when they are older
Length of residence: engagement of communities is unlikely to develop in a short period of time
How and why does level of deprivation cause attachment and and involvement to vary
Deprivation influences voting and engagement. More deprived people are less involved in voting and their community
How was a weak police response a cause of the 2011 London Riots
Police did not enforce straight away, gave people encouragement to commit crime without any consequences
How did social and economic inequality cause the 2011 London Riots
London is less equal in wages, wealth and life chances
People may have felt they were not getting the same opportunities.
The richer people got richer
How did high rates of youth unemployment cause the 2011 London Riots
Most rioters were under 20, they committed crime as they were not being employed and therefore had no reason to feel responsible for their actions
How did racial profiling cause the London Riots in 2011
Black people felt an anger at being stop and searched more often and being mistreated by the police
How did rank opportunism cause the London riots in 2011
More people were getting involved in petty criminality
How was economic decline a need for regeneration in Tottenham
Since the 1970’s there was economic decline in the area
Illegal Landlords packed families into houses and flats
Gang culture made the integration of community difficult
How does the impact on businesses effect regneration in Tottenham
The mayor of London invested £28million in Tottenham
Rebuilding the peacock estate, creating 5000 jobs
Closure of small businesses, unique to the area
How does the impact on housing effect regeneration in Tottenham
The council is planning to build 10000 new homes
The development of Tottenham Hotspur’s stadium involves a requirement to build affordable homes
How does the impact on community effect regeneration in Tottenham
People are worried religious diversity of churches created by African- Caribbean community will be lost
Most local residents are worried about losing out to regeneration
What are benefits of regeneration in Tottenham
Potential less crime in the area
New jobs created
Improved education and training
Gentrification will boost the economy and encourage businesses to move to the area
What is needed when evaluating the need for regeneration
Give examples
For a regeneration scheme a range of economic, social and environmental data is needed
Economic : unemployment
Social : access to education and healthcare
Environmental : a lack of green space
Why is qualitative data needed when evaluating the need for regeneration
Collected from local community groups and will provide opinions and lived experiences
Why is Quantitative data needed when evaluating the need for regneration
From government sources like ONS to provide measured facts
How can different motivations be considered when evaluating the need for regeneration
Different players have different motivations and act differently when faced with an opportunity for redevelopment
Their motivations can lead to an element of bias and questions the reliability of a source
What is the role of media when evaluating the need for regeneration
Is it reliable
Media is an example of Qualitative data which can be read in different ways when evaluating the need for regeneration
The representation of the media could be questioned due to bias. Authors are not completely neutral and have a personal opinion on regeneration
