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Geography > EQ2 1.6 Essay Stats > Flashcards

EQ2 1.6 Essay Stats Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you spell the most recent volcanic eruption in Iceland?

A

Eyjafjallajökull (double accent on the o)

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2
Q

When was the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption?

A

April - May 2010 (not declared officially over until October 2010 when snow on glacier didn’t melt)

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3
Q

What plate boundary is Iceland on?

A

Mid-Atlantic ridge

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4
Q

Describe the social, economic, environmental & long term/ short term impact of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

A

Social:
-Plume of volcanic ash up to 7km ejected into atmosphere by eruption
-UK airspace closed from 15th-20th April
-People on base of mountain only had 20 minutes to evacuate family
-Transport was limited due to black out
-Around 700 people had to be evacuated
-Stench of rotten eggs from eruption
-Many had to stay in emergency red cross shelters
-Floods came down from the mountains
Economic:
-100s of flights cancelled at Manchester Airport and 45,000 passengers affected
-Washing away of roads and homes

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5
Q

Describe the physical vulnerability of Iceland (pop density, isolation, accessibility, degree of urbanisation, plate boundary)

A
  • Iceland is located directly on the Mid-Atlantic ridge between North American plate and Eurasian plate
  • Iceland has a relatively low population density of 3 p/perkm2
  • It is an island and so is fairly isolated, also air travel ban added to this
  • Luckily, Aberdeen air traffic predicted the eruption
  • Only 20,679 people live in smaller villages/ rural areas compared to 311,850 people in urban areas (e.g Reykjavik)
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6
Q

Describe the social vulnerability of Iceland (education, housing, healthcare, income opportunities)

A
  • Compulsory education = free between 6-16
  • Free university
  • Excellent infrastructure but still some gravel roads
  • Although national road system connects most of cities
  • Healthcare is largely paid for by gov which assigns a lot of money towards this
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7
Q

Describe Iceland’s capacity to cope (development, GDP, literacy rates, life expectancy)

A
  • It is a highly developed country (worlds 5th most developed)
  • High GNI per capita –> $67,960
  • High life expectancy of 82.2 years
  • Iceland has a high literacy rate of 99% in 2018
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8
Q

Describe Iceland’s governance (type of gov, what role it plays, plans in place, response)

A
  • Democratic, parliamentary government framework
  • Has both a president and a prime minister (constitutional republic)
  • The Department of Civil Protection and Emergency management coordinated efforts and facilitated crisis communication
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9
Q

When was the Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami?

A

26th December 2004

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10
Q

What was the magnitude of the Indian Ocean earthquake

A

Undersea earthquake magnitude of 9.1 - 9.3

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11
Q

Discuss the social, economic, environmental impacts of the Indian Ocean earthquake

A

Economic:
-Fishing and tourism industries affected
-66% fishing and industrial infrastructure in coastal areas destroyed by wave surges
Environmental:
-damaged ecosystems: mangroves, coral reefs, biodiversity
-Poisoning of fresh water supplies and saltwater infiltration from the sea
Social:
230,000 deaths
1.7 million homeless
Threat of disease

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12
Q

How many died in Indian ocean earthquake

A

230,000

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13
Q

How many homeless in Indian Ocean earthquake?

A

1.7 million

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14
Q

Describe the physical vulnerability of the countries involved in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake/ tsunami?

A
  • Many LEDCs hit w/ high pop densities
  • India, Indonesia, Myanmar and East coast countries in Africa
  • Coastal countries were hit worst
  • Slums destroyed - densely populated urbanised areas
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15
Q

Describe the social vulnerability of the countries involved in the Indian Ocean earthquake/ Tsunami?

A

-Housing destroyed by flooding
-Disease spread e.g Cholera as people evacuated and settled in temporary cramped housing
-Income opportunities lost
Loss of farmland from soil inundation and fishing from the boats and roads being swept away
Loss of tourism on the coastal countries and beaches

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16
Q

Describe the capacity to cope of the country’s involved in the Indian Ocean Earthquake?

A

Indonesia’s GDP in 2019 was $4200 (per person) - v low

  • Indonesia life expectancy is 71
  • Literacy rate in indonesia is 95% –> females = 93%, males = 97%
  • Literacy rate in Madagascar is less –> 74%, it is poorer and less people are educated so a lower capacity to cope than Indonesia
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17
Q

Describe the government/corruption of the countries involved in the Indian Ocean earthquake/ Tsunami?

A
  • India is corrupt and the government cant spend money on education of tectonic hazards as well as prevention
  • There are helpful community centres in Kali Javi, Indonesia
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18
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake?

A

12th January 2010

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19
Q

What magnitude was the Haiti Earthquake?

A

7.0 Magnitude hit first followed by aftershocks of 5.9, 5.9 mag

20
Q

Where was the epicentre of Haiti earhtquake?

A

Epicentre near town of

Léogane 15km from Port - Au - Prince (Haiti’s capital)

21
Q

What were the impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

A 
SOCIAL:
-250,000 dead
- 300,000 injured
-4,000 schools damaged
- 70% pop living below poverty line
ECONOMIC:
-$13.34 billion in aid allocated by international agencies and private donors
-Businesses destroyed
-Airport and port damaged
-Main clothing industry damaged
22
Q

Describe the physical vulnerability of Haiti?

A

-Pop density = 35 ppl per km2
-Isolation = some villages are isolated, aid struggles to access
-Accessibility: airports and ports destroyed
-Degree of urbanisation: 2018 55.30% urban pop and in 2010 this was 47.5%
Plate boundaries: Haiti lays on top of the Caribbean and North America plate boundary that runs through Haiti

23
Q

Describe the social vulnerability of Haiti?

A

Education:
-Private & church run schools educated 90% of students –> poor quality to rural pop
Housing:
- Few are earthquake resistant
- Poorly built
- Cheap materials
HEALTHCARE:
-Spends US $83 per capita on healthcare
-25 physicians and 88 nurses per 100,000 people
- For reference, Japan spends $4,232 per capita

24
Q

Describe Haiti’s capacity to cope?

A

Development:
-One of most densely populated least developed countries in Western hemisphere
-GDP per capita fairly stagnant
-Literacy rates 61%
-Shortages in teacher and supplies
Life expectancy: 2020= 64.11 years –> increase from 2019
30% live in poverty

25
Q

Describe Haiti’s government/ corruption?

A

-Semi-presidential republic –> president is head of state

–President appealed for international assistance-

Haiti struggled to balance political stability, aaddressing olongterm reconstruction and development planning -

26
Q

What fraction of population affected by Haitian earthquake?

A

Approx 1/3

27
Q

What is the name of the most recent Italian earthquake?

A

L’Aquila in Italy

28
Q

When was the most recent Italian earthquake large sclae?

A

6th April 2009 in the middle of the night when people were sleeping

29
Q

What magnitude was L’Aquila?

A

6.3

30
Q

How devastating was the L’Aquila earthquake?

A

Very. Most devastating since 1980 earthquake?

31
Q

Describe the impacts of the L’Aquila earthquake

A
  • Killed 309 people
  • 11,000 buildings in medieval city of L’Aquila damaged
  • 65,000 homeless
  • Streets blocked
  • Landslides and rockfalls
  • Burst water main supply pipeline
  • House prices and rents increased
  • Reduced tourism and income
32
Q

Describe the physical vulnerability of L’Aquila Italy?

A
  • Population density = 150 per km
  • Well-developed transport infrastructure
  • Plate boundary between African and Eurasian plate
33
Q

Describe the social vulnerability of L’Aquila Italy

A

Education: Compulsory from 6-16 years and free
Housing = concrete, brick and stone
Healthcare = universal

34
Q

How many died in L’Aquila earthquake?

A

309

35
Q

How many buildings damaged in L’Aquila earthquake?

A

11,000 buildings in medieval city damaged

36
Q

Why were 6 seismologists put in prison regarding L’Aquila?

A

It was their job to advise government about risk levels were prosecuted and sentenced to prison for professional negligence

37
Q

Describe the governance/ corruption regarding L’aquila Italy?

A
  • It is shocking when significant loss of life occurs in wealthy countries like Italy
  • The commision (advisory body) downplayed the risk of a major earthquake, reassuring people it was a small earthquake
  • Only suggested minimal mitigation e.g sleeping in piazzas if they lived in old buildings made of stone and wood
  • In short the failure was one of poor communication and inaccurate prediction
38
Q

Describe Italy’s capacity to cope

A

Life expectancy = 83.42 years

Literacy rate = 98.85 %

39
Q

How many deaths were there in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake?

A

15,000

40
Q

How many bn of damage was there in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake?

A

$360bn

41
Q

How much damage in bn was there in Haiti?

A

$7.8 bn

42
Q

When is Japanese disaster prevention day?

A

1st September

43
Q

What was Japan’s Corruptions Perceptions Index rating in 2011?

A

80%, making it rank 18th out of 180 countries

44
Q

What was Japan’s GDP at the time of the 2011?

A

$6.157 trillion

45
Q

What was Italy’s GDP at the time of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

A

2.191 trillion

46
Q

What was the Corruptions Perceptions Index rating of Italy in 2011?

A

63 out of 180, making it known as an honest country

47
Q

How much money did the air flight industry lose due to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption?

A

£1.1 billion

Geography (11 decks)

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