EQ2 1.6 Essay Stats Flashcards
How do you spell the most recent volcanic eruption in Iceland?
Eyjafjallajökull (double accent on the o)
When was the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption?
April - May 2010 (not declared officially over until October 2010 when snow on glacier didn’t melt)
What plate boundary is Iceland on?
Mid-Atlantic ridge
Describe the social, economic, environmental & long term/ short term impact of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Social:
-Plume of volcanic ash up to 7km ejected into atmosphere by eruption
-UK airspace closed from 15th-20th April
-People on base of mountain only had 20 minutes to evacuate family
-Transport was limited due to black out
-Around 700 people had to be evacuated
-Stench of rotten eggs from eruption
-Many had to stay in emergency red cross shelters
-Floods came down from the mountains
Economic:
-100s of flights cancelled at Manchester Airport and 45,000 passengers affected
-Washing away of roads and homes
Describe the physical vulnerability of Iceland (pop density, isolation, accessibility, degree of urbanisation, plate boundary)
- Iceland is located directly on the Mid-Atlantic ridge between North American plate and Eurasian plate
- Iceland has a relatively low population density of 3 p/perkm2
- It is an island and so is fairly isolated, also air travel ban added to this
- Luckily, Aberdeen air traffic predicted the eruption
- Only 20,679 people live in smaller villages/ rural areas compared to 311,850 people in urban areas (e.g Reykjavik)
Describe the social vulnerability of Iceland (education, housing, healthcare, income opportunities)
- Compulsory education = free between 6-16
- Free university
- Excellent infrastructure but still some gravel roads
- Although national road system connects most of cities
- Healthcare is largely paid for by gov which assigns a lot of money towards this
Describe Iceland’s capacity to cope (development, GDP, literacy rates, life expectancy)
- It is a highly developed country (worlds 5th most developed)
- High GNI per capita –> $67,960
- High life expectancy of 82.2 years
- Iceland has a high literacy rate of 99% in 2018
Describe Iceland’s governance (type of gov, what role it plays, plans in place, response)
- Democratic, parliamentary government framework
- Has both a president and a prime minister (constitutional republic)
- The Department of Civil Protection and Emergency management coordinated efforts and facilitated crisis communication
When was the Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami?
26th December 2004
What was the magnitude of the Indian Ocean earthquake
Undersea earthquake magnitude of 9.1 - 9.3
Discuss the social, economic, environmental impacts of the Indian Ocean earthquake
Economic:
-Fishing and tourism industries affected
-66% fishing and industrial infrastructure in coastal areas destroyed by wave surges
Environmental:
-damaged ecosystems: mangroves, coral reefs, biodiversity
-Poisoning of fresh water supplies and saltwater infiltration from the sea
Social:
230,000 deaths
1.7 million homeless
Threat of disease
How many died in Indian ocean earthquake
230,000
How many homeless in Indian Ocean earthquake?
1.7 million
Describe the physical vulnerability of the countries involved in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake/ tsunami?
- Many LEDCs hit w/ high pop densities
- India, Indonesia, Myanmar and East coast countries in Africa
- Coastal countries were hit worst
- Slums destroyed - densely populated urbanised areas
Describe the social vulnerability of the countries involved in the Indian Ocean earthquake/ Tsunami?
-Housing destroyed by flooding
-Disease spread e.g Cholera as people evacuated and settled in temporary cramped housing
-Income opportunities lost
Loss of farmland from soil inundation and fishing from the boats and roads being swept away
Loss of tourism on the coastal countries and beaches
Describe the capacity to cope of the country’s involved in the Indian Ocean Earthquake?
Indonesia’s GDP in 2019 was $4200 (per person) - v low
- Indonesia life expectancy is 71
- Literacy rate in indonesia is 95% –> females = 93%, males = 97%
- Literacy rate in Madagascar is less –> 74%, it is poorer and less people are educated so a lower capacity to cope than Indonesia
Describe the government/corruption of the countries involved in the Indian Ocean earthquake/ Tsunami?
- India is corrupt and the government cant spend money on education of tectonic hazards as well as prevention
- There are helpful community centres in Kali Javi, Indonesia
When was the Haiti earthquake?
12th January 2010
What magnitude was the Haiti Earthquake?
7.0 Magnitude hit first followed by aftershocks of 5.9, 5.9 mag
Where was the epicentre of Haiti earhtquake?
Epicentre near town of
Léogane 15km from Port - Au - Prince (Haiti’s capital)
What were the impacts of the Haiti earthquake?
SOCIAL: -250,000 dead - 300,000 injured -4,000 schools damaged - 70% pop living below poverty line ECONOMIC: -$13.34 billion in aid allocated by international agencies and private donors -Businesses destroyed -Airport and port damaged -Main clothing industry damaged
Describe the physical vulnerability of Haiti?
-Pop density = 35 ppl per km2
-Isolation = some villages are isolated, aid struggles to access
-Accessibility: airports and ports destroyed
-Degree of urbanisation: 2018 55.30% urban pop and in 2010 this was 47.5%
Plate boundaries: Haiti lays on top of the Caribbean and North America plate boundary that runs through Haiti
Describe the social vulnerability of Haiti?
Education:
-Private & church run schools educated 90% of students –> poor quality to rural pop
Housing:
- Few are earthquake resistant
- Poorly built
- Cheap materials
HEALTHCARE:
-Spends US $83 per capita on healthcare
-25 physicians and 88 nurses per 100,000 people
- For reference, Japan spends $4,232 per capita
Describe Haiti’s capacity to cope?
Development:
-One of most densely populated least developed countries in Western hemisphere
-GDP per capita fairly stagnant
-Literacy rates 61%
-Shortages in teacher and supplies
Life expectancy: 2020= 64.11 years –> increase from 2019
30% live in poverty
