Diverse Places Exam Practice Flashcards
Explain why some urban places are perceived as undesirable?
Pollution in urban areas can lead to them being perceive as undesirable. Urban areas have higher pollution levels than rural areas, for example, all London residents are exposed to illegal levels of PM 2.5 air pollution. This can make urban areas particularly undesirable to families with children as pollution can exacerbate symptoms of respirator disease and have life long impacts on children.
Urban areas can also be perceived as undesirable due to high cost of living, including house prices and commuting prices, making it very difficult to maintain an adequate standard of living. Especially for young people with university debt, they will face “urban reality”. 62% people described London as expensive in Guardian national census.
High crime rates can also make urban places undesirable, with London
experiencing 203,590 accounts of violent crime from 2017-2018. This can make urban areas particularly undesirable to elderly people who will be particularly vulnerable and as such minimise outside interactions, contributing to social isolation.
Lack of green spaces in urban areas
Explain why urban places are perceived as desirable?
Education better in urban areas. Abundance of high quality schools, helping achieve inter-generational social mobility. Also close proximity to museums and galleries which help educate children.
Employment opportunities, high availability of jobs in business (e.g Canary Wharf, London), attracts particularly younger people.
Night life also attracts young people, 32% described night life as lively.
They can also be desirable towards ethnic minorities, who may favour living in ethnic enclaves. For example, Asian community in Southall, there are lots of ethnic shops and religious place of worship that can provide a greater sense of community and place, provide protection against discrimination
Explain why rural places are often perceived as idyllic?
Rural idyll; rural areas are imagined to be positive places which offers positive ways of living as opposed to the negatives of living in urban areas. This is the foundation of the term “rural idyll”. The rural idyll represents aspirational picture of an idealised rurality, often emphasising pastoral landscape and perceived peace and quiet.
60% of over 55s in UK find idea of retiring to rural area appealing.
Cheaper housing than city, pleasant location to raise family, safer, quiet and peaceful, strong sense of community, casual work for youth in leisure and tourism
Explain why sub-urban and inner-city areas are perceived differently in terms of their desirability?
Young people will tend to perceive living in suburbs more negatively. Large commuting distance to leisure (clubs), educational employment opportunities in the inner city and central business distract (CBD).
Families w/ children tend 2 perceive suburbs more positively due to lower pop density and larger houses than they could afford in inner city. Also better physical environment, little air pollution and minimal crime rates. Elderly people tend to perceive living in suburbs more positively due to close-knit community needed for social support and to prevent social isolation; along with lower crime rates that improve security.
Ethnic minorities may perceive living in suburbs more negatively due to high pop of White British people that may discriminate against them, and have close-knit community that is hard to enter, contributing to a weaker sense of community and place; along with a lack of ethnic enclaves with shops and religious places of worship
Explain why some rural places are perceived as undesirable?
/It can be said that especially in remote-rural areas perceived “closed mindedness” and traditionalism make areas undesirable especially for younger residents. Rural dull is used by younger people to highlight the strict social control, lack of tolerance and strong local influence on behaviours. This can be esp in terms of gender and sexuality, e.g only 35% of people in the Scottish Highlands believe its a place where its OK to be different.
Elderly people can also view rural areas as undesirable due to a relative lack of public services, urban bias. 15% of GP surgeries are in rural areas. May be poorly funded which means a long distance to travel in car to hospitals, esp for elderly people who may not have a car/ be able to drive anymore.
Undesirable given remoteness of location exacerbated by lack of internet and high-speed broadband coverage that limits connectivity.
Spiral of decline can also make rural areas undesirable,. E.g redruth in Cornwall, a lot of people on the minimum wage. Highest levels of deprivation in the country.
Explain why rural areas are viewed in different ways by different groups of people?
Ethnic minorities may have more negative views of these areas given higher possibility of discrimination in “close minded” and traditional communities, e.g 35% of young people in Scottish Highlands believe its a place where its okay to be different.
Elderly people tend to view rural areas as attractive due to perceived more closely knit-community necessary for social support and to prevent social isolation; along with remote-rural areas being a good solitude location for retirement.
Families with children tend to have mixed views of rural places. Attractive due to pleasant physical environment, with little/ no air pollution and minimal crime rates. May prefer commuter zone to remote rural as it is within distance of urban areas for work to maintain family and near better school opportunities.
Explain the reasons for internal migration within the UK?
North-South drift: many young people have migrated away from deindustrialised regions, including Redcar, to more economically-prosperous urban areas in south where there are employment opportunities in business, e.g Canary Wharf.
London also does has a large outflow of people due to high cost of housing, high crime, and more established migrants choosing to move to other ethnic enclaves e.g Leicester. White flight refers to the emigration of White British people from urban areas towards smaller, less ethnically diverse settlements. Counter-urbanisation: emigration of middle-aged people from urban settlements to dormitory towns in the commuter zonr to raise children in a more pleasant physical environment.
Retirement: many elderly people sold their properties in London esp to migrate to coastal settlements in south-east, including Brighton, for retirement purposes.
Explain why some international migrants chose to live in rural areas?
International migrants often move to specific rural areas in which there are known employment opportunities. Eastern European migrants in Boston, Lincolnshire - often in the agricultural primary and secondary sectors of the economy. Jobs due to high demand for ethnic shops , including Polish shops, to accommodate increased population of foreign migrants (10% of Boston is from the newly-joined eastern European countries).
Picking, packing and plucking jobs for low wages, sometimes below minimum wage so high demand of immigrants who are willing to work for this low pay while Brits wont.
In rural areas such as Cornwall there is availability of seasonal, tourist jobs.
Explain why international migrants live in distinctive urban areas?
Level of income: many wealthy Russian oligarchs settled in low-density, expensive areas, including Mayfair and Belgravia in London, where such migrants have purchased properties and established ethnic shops as part of their diaspora. There are estimated to be almost 100 Russian billionaires who made their fortunes in the political and economic chaos that followed collapse of Soviet Union. Properties range from £6.5 mil to 140 mil in these areas.
Southall, became known as London’s “Little Punjab”, close proximity to Heathrow - only 3 miles away. Large community offers protection from racist attacks and formed the most powerful Asian political organisation - Indian Workers Association.
Live in enclaves to gain political power, e.g David Lammy MP Tottenham African Caribbean Background.
Explain how diverse places reflect the ethnicity and culture of their populations in terms of retail outlets, places of worship, leisure etc.
Ethnic migrants can establish religious buildings of worship, including Greek Orthodox Churches in North London and Paddington. As well as Hindu Temple in Wembley.
Ethnic migrants can establish shops, e.g polish shops in Boston Lincolnshire, to accommodate increase pop of foreign migrants who demand such
International migrants can increase the use of foreign languages operating in urban areas, including through bi- and multi-lingual signs, including English-Hindi signs at Southall train station, alongside the English language – with often high numbers of student learning English as a second language
Explain how perceptions of places change over generations?
Generational migration.
2nd generation migrants marry spouses from their country of origin, not wanting their culture to be deteriorated. 1st generation migrants not wanting their children to become british. May send their kids to faith schools - lack of mixing with other faiths and cultures. Do not wish to adapt to UK culture, live in segregated, inner-city areas. People of Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnicity and Muslim groups most likely to live in segregation
2nd gen growing self-confidence, less tightly segregated, often educated in british schools.
3rd Gen like UK people and want to be British, enjoy social mobility, no connection to home country of their grandparents.
Explain how and why the population of the UK has grown unevenly over the last 50 years, with some areas growing rapidly while other areas have grown more slowly (London versus NE England)
Rising economic prosperity and the expanding “knowledge economy” of the South-east/ London attracts well-educated graduates and economic migrants from the NE and Wales in attempt to benefit form employment opportunities in South. This contribute to higher pop growth in the SE and London (e.g 13% pop growth there by 2022)
Deindustrialisation, and the decline of manufacturing and “heavy” industries in northern English and Welsh settlements, including in Manchester and Bradford, has contributed to internal emigration to the south-east/London and net de-population of northern regions.
International migration to London gives it status as global capital of finance and business - along emigration by aslyum seekers from wars in eastern Europe in 1990s and Middle East in the 2000/10s - contributed to higher pop growth in London
Explain how and why the population structure and density of the UK varies according to the placement along the rural urban continuum.
The central business district (CBD) of urban settlements has few residential properties which are highly expensive, resulting in a low residential population density. The inner-urban ridge has high density terraced housing and high-rise cramped living spaces, resulting in a high pop density. The suburbs will have low-density housing built following the interwar period, resulting in larger houses and as such lower pop density. Rural-urban fringe will have dormitory settlements. Deep countryside will have a low pop density and remote rural environments will have even lower pop density due to inaccesibility.
The CBD is far more expensive, resulting in an older population who will be
Explain how and why the population structure and density of the UK varies according to the placement along the rural urban continuum.
The central business district (CBD) of urban settlements has few residential properties which are highly expensive, resulting in a low residential population density. The inner-urban ridge has high density terraced housing and high-rise cramped living spaces, resulting in a high pop density. The suburbs will have low-density housing built following the interwar period, resulting in larger houses and as such lower pop density. Rural-urban fringe will have dormitory settlements. Deep countryside will have a low pop density and remote rural environments will have even lower pop density due to inaccesibility.
The CBD is far more expensive, resulting in an older population who will be more able to afford them/ owned the properties after purchasing them in the past. The urban inner city will have a large number of young people who want to live close to the CBD; as well as many men who are economic migrants. The urban-rural fringe will have lots of large families in larger houses as well as elderly people. The deep countryside tends to have lots of elderly attracted to the tranquil while there will be less very elderly in remote rural environments due to innacesibility.
Explain why population structure varies because of difference in fertility and mortality rates as well as rates of international and internal migration
There has been a decline in birth rates in the UK, this can be attributed to improved women’s status manifested in the 1928 vote and the relaxed pressure to start a family young with the average age to start a family at 30.5 years. In addition to this, contrapcetion such as the pill invented in 1961, and abortion in 1967, are available to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
International and internal migration can lead to different numbers of males and feamles and ages in various places in the uK. High fertility rates among ethnic minority groups located in ‘social clusters’ (ethnic enclaves) in urban settlements, including Asian communities in Southall and East London, Some industries may be dominated by a particular gender, e.g offshore oil industry dominated by men. There are higher numbers of oyung male economic migrants. Elderly tend to locate in quieter locations (e.g Bournemouth); females tend to live longer than maels.
