EQ2 Flashcards
1
Q
state
A
- territory over which no other country holds power or sovereignty
- un recognised 196 states in 2016 w/south sudan being most recent addition (in 2012)
2
Q
nation
A
- territorilised group of ppl who may lack sovereignty
- including scottish n welsh nations that r part of uk which r soverign state
3
Q
dependent terrotories/dependencies
A
- including greenland that belongs to denmark
- hong kong belongs to japan
- jersey have autonomy for many aspects of governance but lack full soveriegnty
4
Q
sovereignty
A
- ability of a place n its ppl to self-govern w/out any outside interference: might relate global flows (ppl,ideas, commodities) n participation in global aggreements
5
Q
iceland
A
-
ethnic:
- monocultural- 8.9% pop born over seas.
- nation state
- 92%=icelandic
- national culture n language=homogenous n unique -
cultural:
* culture=same everywhere bc its isolated, middle point between arctic circle n N eu, mountainious terrain
* 95.2%=lutheran church
* myths- eg land of giants n supernatural heros
* depend on sea for resources
* all kids names come from approved list
*
- linguistuc unity:
- historical pop growth:
- degree of isolation:
- role of migration:
6
Q
singapore
A
- ethnic:
- cultural:
- linguistuc unity:
- historical pop growth:
- degree of isolation:
- role of migration:
7
Q
8b.4b
rwanda
A
- contested due to diff ethnic groups
- before BC it was unified of tusi, hutu n twa ppl
- berlin conference 1884-1885: conference that divided africa between eu nations that resulted in creation of geometric boundaries that divided africa into 50 irregaular countries
- harold mac millan wind of change speech: speech was about national consciousness n giving independence. so consequently african countries got independence
- when rwanda gained independence 1962, gov=contensted n not seen as legitimate by all. differences n killings between the 3 ppl.
- april 1994- presidents of rwanda n burundi were killed. led to genocide of 800,000 tutsis n hutus
- july 1994- hutu gov fled to zaire w/2mill refugees
- un security council set up international tribunal to oversee prosecution of suspects involved in the genocide
8
Q
8.4c
contested borders:
ukraine vs russia
A
- ukraine gained independece in 1991
- feb 2014- russia annexed crimean peninsular in s ukraine n conflict intensified. russian forces took control of military bases n crimean parliament
- 2022, it esculated when russia launched rull invasion of ukraine.
- led to large pop movements n end of 2022 over 7.8mill ukraine refugees were recorded throughout eu
9
Q
not universally recognised:
Taiwan
A
- its officially called republic of china
- in 1949- china gov forces fled to taiwan at end of chinese civil war n took control of it
- they claimed they were still leaders of china n planned to take mainland china
- chinas new communist gov at the time refused to recognise their authority n argues its a part of china not a sovereign state
- china reinforced this by refuising to have offical diplomatic relations w/countries that recognise taiwan
- less than 20 countries officially recognise it n some interntaional organisations eg UN dont treat it as sovereign nation=difficult for it to expand its international influence
- risk of conflict between china n taiwan
10
Q
8.5 a
nationalism in 19th century led to conflict n colonisation
A
- in 19th century it became popular in eu countries like britain, france n germany
- eu countries were expanding their empires in other parts of world. so they believed they were superior to nations they were colonising=thought it was good thing to impose authority, culture n language on other nations
- eu countries became competitive w/each other tryna be most powerful country w most colonies, resources n military power
- at end of 19th century eu nations were competiting for control of african countries=period known as ‘scramble for africa’
- britain links to india during this
11
Q
nationalism
A
- when ppl have a strong sense of loyalty towards their country
- they often believe their nation=superior to other nations
12
Q
india and the british raj
A
- britain colonised india- 1600
- these colonised areas= controlled indirectly via trade agreements betwen existing rulers n east india company
- 1857- indian soilders working for EIC rebelled against british officers=set of violence between india n britian.
- so britain brought it under direct control-known as the British raj
- indian rulers had to swear oath of alligence to queen victoria.
- raj used military force to keep control n promoted british culture eg set up english language schools w/eurocentric curriculum
- indians=unhappy
- young indian men whod had british education but refused jobs in areas like civil service talked of idea of india being independent
- this involved boycotting of british goods n schools n uprising against british control
13
Q
why did the colonial era finally end?
A
- britain were worried about potential civil war between majority hindus n north minorities that supported islam
- didnt gain independence till 1947
- global shift in power dyanmics-spheres of influence
- 1885- indian national congress had 1st meeting
- young indians unhappy n discussed independence
14
Q
8.5B
after ww2, lots of new nation states gained independence
A
- at end of ww2 in 1945, nationalist movementshad emerged in many colonies
- war left eu countries weak n debt
- they put pressure on colonies to provide cheap resources but also had less control there
- 1947- after years of negotation, india n pakistan=independent
15
Q
‘winds of change’ in africa in 1960s
A
- some places independence=peaceful eg ghana
- some=violent between nationalist groups n colonial gov eg kenya
- 1960- 17 african countries became indpeendent
- but colonisers left their colonies w/out any gov structure= led to instability n civil war
- 1960- harold macmillan (british pm) said in a speech ‘the wind of change is blowing through this continent’
16
Q
difficulties with transition from colony to independent country
A
- borders of newly independent countries were shaped by colonial interests rather than marking the territory of coherent,unified nation
- new nations often made up of v diff social groups
- some colonisers encouraged divisions between these groups to make them less likely to form a nationalist movement for independence
- =made it hard for ppl to agree how the new country should be run n who should lead it
- this led to conflict causing social,economic n enviromental issues
17
Q
post independence conflict in sudan n south sudan
A
- 1890s- colonised by britain. 1899-1955-under british eygptian rule. 1956=independent
- north=dry n muslims n speak arabic, high HDI
- south=wet n fertile, diverse religions, rich in resources-75% sudans oil reserves, lowest HDI
- tensions grew n led to civil war in 1955-1972
- 2011- s.sudan became independent from sudan but conflict continued esp around control of oil reserves= transport oil infrastructure goes thru sudan
- 2013-2020-civil war in s.sudan
18
Q
negative consequnces of south sudan conflict
A
- social:
* 400,000 dead
* 4 mill displaced
* ngos reported human right abuse-incl killings, sexual abuse n looting - economic:
* SS spent 1/2 its national budget on military
* 2018 gdp per capita was 30% what it would have been w/no conflict
* conflict in darfur cost $90billion from 2003-2017
* spending on education n health care=low - enviromental:
* vulnerable to desirtificationn due to climate change n made worse by conflict
* severe degradation of land near refugee camps n lack of political stability=gov hasnt focused on promoting sustainable dev
19
Q
8.5C- migration from former colonies still influence nation states
19th n 20th centuries
A
- millions left eu to settle in colonies like aus n s africa
- later 20th- pattern was reversed. ppl move to eu from former colonised countries eg pakistan, india,S africa
- after ww2- uk invited ppl from colonies to come n help rebuild uk
- 900,000 moved to uk from india, pakistan, africa n caribbean
- changed uk ethnic composition=more diverse
- eg 1956-1970=london transport recruited 6000 employees from caribbean. by 1960 40% of nhs junior doctors were from india, bangladesh, pakistan n sri lanka
- migration ^ uks heterogeneity as migrant communities introduced new food, music, languages n art to uk. eg curry became pop dish
20
Q
current trends
A
- ppl coninue to migrate to former imperial core countries from former colonies
- bc: eg countries shared history n language, new migrants can join families n exisitng migrant communities from their home countries
- 2021- 33%+ of migrants in uk=og from former colonies like india, pakistan n kenya
- some countries restrict immigration. from early 1960s uk passed laws that limited immigration from former colonies=change pattern of migration to uk
21
Q
Cultural heterogeneity
A
differences in cultural identity related to, for instance, class, ethnicity, language, traditions, religion, sense of place, and many other cultural aspects
22
Q
8.6a
tax haven
A
- its a state that offers low income taxes n corporation tax rates in hope of altering investment from wealthy indivuals n TNCs
23
Q
globalisation has led to development of tax havens
A
- its caused changes to global economic system incl removal of regulations around financial markets n movement of money
- some countries take advantage of lack of regulation by setting up TH
- makes them attractive to ppl/companies w lot of money who want to avoid paying high rates of tax on their wealth
- financial deregulation made it easy for ppl to keep their money in a tax haven, even if money=made easier in another country bc theres fewer laws in place
- many tncs base HQs in TH
- some wealthy ppl live as expatriates in th or invest in banks there
- th eg r small island states eg= bahamas. or overseas territories of big countries eg cayman islands
24
Q
advantages of tax havens
A
- can be good way for small countries to make money, by charging fees for ppl to register their businesses there
- help tncs make bigger profits. some ppl argue these can then be used to expand company n employ more ppl=promote economic growth
24
disadvantages of tax havens
- govs lose taxes- up to $600 billion worth of corporate tax r thought to be lost globally yearly due to TH
- =these taxes could be spent on key services n human developement
- secrecy around finances can allow illegal activities to take place eg international drug trafficking
25
govs n igos on th
- most accept that th=part of global economic system- theyre price to pay for deregualted financial markets
- igos like eu n OCED have taken some measures to make tncs more accountable but their power over companies is limited
- govs worry if they try to force companies to pay tax, tncs will move somewhere theyre taxed less
26
NGOs objections of th
- some eg oxfam have called for stronger financial regulation n end to TH
- they argue by allowing companies n indivuals to avoid paying tax, wealthy ppl become eeven richer=^ global inequality
- meanwhile this reduces govs income from taxes so they have less money to spend on health care n education-this can ^ poverty
- as a result of this, most ppl have to pay higher taxes or spending has to be cut
27
cayman islands tax haven
- pop of 56000
- among worlds most succesful financial centres w/over 100000 registered companies
- financial services generate 55% of islands gdp n employ 36% of pop
- in 2015 gdp per capita=$58,000=14Th highest in world
- one of largest offshore financial centres= only permitted to work w/businesses resident outside their territory
- 40 of worlds top investment banks n insurance companies=licesend there n in 2014= held $1.5trill assets
- one reason is due to their 0% personal income tax rate n low corporation taxes=irresitable for indivuals n companies seeking to pay low tax
28
whats wrong w/avoiding tax?
- some dont offer **poltical stability and have no secure banking and legal systems and break rules**
- theyre associated w political n economic instability n **corruption**
- major tncs n wealthy **expatriates** 'rest their cash' in safer ones= **controversial**
- some argue companies n indiuvals=avoiding paying taxes in the countries that enabled them to earn their wealth
- eg in **2015**- **jp morgan bank** reported US companies were holding over $**2trill** in cash overseas
- **apple** had most over seas-$**158bill**/89% its total cash=avoid paying **35**% in corporate taxes that would otheriwse be due in countries where its profits were acc being made
29
global inequality is growing
- globalisation has made easy for tncs to make large amounts of money=^ gap between worlds richest n poorest
- **2020**-richest **1**% of global pop owned nearly **46**% of worlds wealth
- countries w/^ **income inequality**=slow economic growth=affect **global economy**. this is bc: **unequal** access to **education** limits its ppls **skills**=**limits potential contribution to economy**
- **inequalities** in **health care**=reduce **productivity**=limits economic growth
- theres ^ inequality between countries, w/in countries-genders, ethnicity, social groups- also exp inequlities in education n human rights
- =threaten stability n sustainability of global economic system
- =^ tensions between social groups n=conflict/protests against gov=weaken social n political stability
30
# 8.6c
alternative pathways
- not all countries support globalisation
- latin america: in 2010 several gov moved from open market principles to left to pursue social justice
- by 2010, 8 south usa n 4 central american countries had elected left-wing govs
- most have been reelected since then
- but venezula, bolivia n ecuador have elected right wing govs
31
bolivia
- once called 'economic basket case', its now among worlds fastest growing economies
- president evo morales elected 2006 to turn against neoliberalism n go on programme to undo 20 yrs of privitasation n influence of imf
- his view was privitisation resulted in big profits for tncs which leaked out the country
- established national coalition for change in 2007.policies:
1. nationalised resources- profits go gov rather than private shareholders
2. reduce primary exports n used these to boost domestic manufacturing of previsouly imported products (import substituion)
3. redistrubuted wealth to the peasantr classes by gaurenteeing prices for food
* tncs previously claimed 82% of their value- morales gov took 80%
* state now largest player in economy
32
bolivia beneifts
- increased gas connections by 835%, electricity by 150% n telecommunications by 300%
- reduced wealth inequalities n lower gov debt
33
