EQ1 Flashcards
1
Q
migration
A
- involves a permanent/semi perm change of residence
- internal migration takes place w/in same country eg rural to urban
- international mig= between countries, for min of 1 year
2
Q
types of migrant
economic migrant
A
- person who moves voluntarily for work or to improve his/her social n economic conditions
3
Q
types of migrant
refugee
A
- person who, owing to fear of being persucted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of particular social group or political opinion has fled their country n sought protection in another country.
- this type of migration can be called forced migration
4
Q
types of migrant
asylum seeker
A
- person who has applied for refugee status n is waiting for a decision as to whether or net they qualify
5
Q
types of migrant
distance decay
A
- the number of migrants decline as the distance between origin n destination increases
- ppl=more likely to settle in closer place which they have more knowledge about than in farther place which they have little understanding of
6
Q
enabling factors in migration
A
- tranpsort: improvement to allow global labour flows more easily. can travel long distances
- land grabs n mechanisms: LG= tncs/govs purchasing/renting large areas of land. mechanisation of agriculture,industries may lead ppl to migrate to find new jobs. eg china rural to coast-shenzen
- localised migration: International mig=regionaloised- take place in small area eg mexico to usa, w/in eu after schengen agreement
7
Q
push factors
A
- enviromental: natural disaters- may not afford repairs to property, desertification make hard for ppl to support themselves as land becomes less productive.
- mechanisation: automation of farming means fewer jobs=available in rural areas
- politics/war: ppl might be forced to flee homes bc of conflict. syrian civil war involving bashar al-assad is an eg
8
Q
pull factors
A
- economic: some nations provide more jobs, which=often better paid
- quality of life: healthcare n education=more easily accesible in urban areas
- family: some migrants may join other family members that have already moved to a country
9
Q
hukou system
A
- introduced in 1954 to immobile chinas large rural population
- household registration system where everyone is registered at an offical registration
- an indivuals hukou can be urban or rural
- it determines where thye have access to social services like hospitals n schools
- if 1 is born into rural H n attempt to move into an urban area it can be v difficult as permit can be expensive
- some permits allow permament migration but only if u= j=highly educated or whose family have legal residence
10
Q
cons of hukou system
A
- 61 million kids left behind so many suffer psychological problems caused by long term seperation
- treated like illegal immigrants
- limited job opportunities and lower wages in urban areas
- unequal allocation of resources, teacher shortages, fewer opportunities for schooling, and limited access due to economic limitations
11
Q
the shengen agreement
A
- eg of international migration between countries
- signed in 1985
- allow free movement of ppl w/in region
- abolish many international border controls w/in eu
- enable passport free movement across eu members
- eu citizens have moved freely across it
- helped fill job vacanies n strengthen common market
- over 14 mill eu citizens now live in another member state
12
Q
8.1b
migration stats
A
- 2016: estimated 250 million ppl live in country where theyre not born
- =about 4% of worlds population
- no. of ppl migrating internationally each year has risen, worlds pop has grown from 2.5bn in 1950 to 7.6bn in 2018
13
Q
trends in migration
internal migration
A
- urbanisation has accelerated
- ppl from rural areas move urban to find better jobs n higher wages
- megacities have over 1omill pppl in them n august 2018: there was 46 megacities- 15 in china n 5 in india
- =most in developing nations
14
Q
trends in migration
international migration
A
- until 1990s IM was directed mainly towards developed world destinations eg uk, usa
- recently, cities in developing world countries like mumbair, india n lagos have become major global hubs for interntaional migration
- diff nations have diff policies on IM- singapore n canada engage fully w it. usa n australia establish barriers against it
15
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
eu
A
- for nation to be deeply intergrated into multinational systems, some ppl say liberal immigration rules r necessary
- eg freedom of movement of labour is key component of eu
16
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
the wto
A
- a ‘bretton woods institution’ that attempts to reduce barriers to trade, like quotas n tariffs internationally
- tariffs r taxes on goods that=imported n exported
- hoped that removing tarrifs will ^ flows of goods n services between countries, helping boost economic growth
- removal of trade barriers like this should enable tncs n industries to sell their products to larger market
17
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
tncs
A
- inward investment from tncs may depend on how easily senior staff can be transferred to particular nation
- in usa=difficult for foreign workers to get visas
- may discourage some tnc investment, but usa has lots of other attractive features for tncs like low tax rates n large consumer market
18
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
national population
A
- has important role to play bc they elect govs
- countries that have ‘open door’ policies, may alienate electorate of the local ppl dont want more migration
- uk has net migration target (number of immigrants - the number of emigrants) of 100,000 people per year.
- viktor orban, prime minister of hungrary won hungarian election whilst using v anti-migrant rhetoric
19
Q
japan
A
- aging population: 25%=65+
- turned to immigration as a result
- need more labour force- resident foreign workforce has ^ by 40% since 2013
- it has less ppl to support social welfare system
- some govs=against it due to cultural threats n preference of ethnic n cultural homogeneity n public backlash it would ensue
- good as fills lower skilled jobs eg construction n healthcare
- bad as impact on employement n wages of native workers, cost that society may have to think in accomodating foreign workers n frictions that may emerge from cultural n social diff
- economic growth likely to slow as external demand wanes and domestic demand struggles to pick up as not enough workforce but immigration could help this
- immigration could lead to cultural erosion
20
Q
8b.1c
common migrant routes
A
- South Asia to West Asia (Middle East): economic reasons- low skill move for worl. over 1 mill ‘gulf wives’ in kerala, india whose husbands work in middle east
- South Asia to North America: economic. high skill n seek high wages
- south asia to eu: family reunification. Attractive economic, political and social conditions
- n. america to eu: economic n driven by tncs- high skill migrants n want high wages.
- Sub-Saharan Africa & West Asia to Europe: move for economic n political reasons- low skills n seek wages. some=refugees n asylum seekers who flee conflict eg syria n libya
- latin us to eu: driven by cultural ties eg portugal n spain had large mepires in latin usa n during colonial era. portuguese=language of brazil n spanish in argentina n mexico
21
Q
examples of forced migration
A
- jews leaving eu in 1930s/40s to escape the nazis
- slaves from africa to sugar plantations in N.usa n caribbean at time of slave trade
- ppl leave chernobyl in ukraine after nuclear explosion there 1986
