EQ1 Flashcards
1
Q
migration
A
- involves a permanent/semi perm change of residence
- internal migration takes place w/in same country eg rural to urban
- international mig= between countries, for min of 1 year
2
Q
types of migrant
economic migrant
A
- person who moves voluntarily for work or to improve his/her social n economic conditions
3
Q
types of migrant
refugee
A
- person who, owing to fear of being persucted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of particular social group or political opinion has fled their country n sought protection in another country.
- this type of migration can be called forced migration
4
Q
types of migrant
asylum seeker
A
- person who has applied for refugee status n is waiting for a decision as to whether or net they qualify
5
Q
types of migrant
distance decay
A
- the number of migrants decline as the distance between origin n destination increases
- ppl=more likely to settle in closer place which they have more knowledge about than in farther place which they have little understanding of
6
Q
enabling factors in migration
A
- tranpsort: improvement to allow global labour flows more easily. can travel long distances
- land grabs n mechanisms: LG= tncs/govs purchasing/renting large areas of land. mechanisation of agriculture,industries may lead ppl to migrate to find new jobs. eg china rural to coast-shenzen
- localised migration: International mig=regionaloised- take place in small area eg mexico to usa, w/in eu after schengen agreement
7
Q
push factors
A
- enviromental: natural disaters- may not afford repairs to property, desertification make hard for ppl to support themselves as land becomes less productive.
- mechanisation: automation of farming means fewer jobs=available in rural areas
- politics/war: ppl might be forced to flee homes bc of conflict. syrian civil war involving bashar al-assad is an eg
8
Q
pull factors
A
- economic: some nations provide more jobs, which=often better paid
- quality of life: healthcare n education=more easily accesible in urban areas
- family: some migrants may join other family members that have already moved to a country
9
Q
hukou system
A
- introduced in 1954 to immobile chinas large rural population
- household registration system where everyone is registered at an offical registration
- an indivuals hukou can be urban or rural
- it determines where thye have access to social services like hospitals n schools
- if 1 is born into rural H n attempt to move into an urban area it can be v difficult as permit can be expensive
- some permits allow permament migration but only if u= j=highly educated or whose family have legal residence
10
Q
cons of hukou system
A
- 61 million kids left behind so many suffer psychological problems caused by long term seperation
- treated like illegal immigrants
- limited job opportunities and lower wages in urban areas
- unequal allocation of resources, teacher shortages, fewer opportunities for schooling, and limited access due to economic limitations
11
Q
the shengen agreement
A
- eg of international migration between countries
- signed in 1985
- allow free movement of ppl w/in region
- abolish many international border controls w/in eu
- enable passport free movement across eu members
- eu citizens have moved freely across it
- helped fill job vacanies n strengthen common market
- over 14 mill eu citizens now live in another member state
12
Q
8.1b
migration stats
A
- 2016: estimated 250 million ppl live in country where theyre not born
- =about 4% of worlds population
- no. of ppl migrating internationally each year has risen, worlds pop has grown from 2.5bn in 1950 to 7.6bn in 2018
13
Q
trends in migration
internal migration
A
- urbanisation has accelerated
- ppl from rural areas move urban to find better jobs n higher wages
- megacities have over 1omill pppl in them n august 2018: there was 46 megacities- 15 in china n 5 in india
- =most in developing nations
14
Q
trends in migration
international migration
A
- until 1990s IM was directed mainly towards developed world destinations eg uk, usa
- recently, cities in developing world countries like mumbair, india n lagos have become major global hubs for interntaional migration
- diff nations have diff policies on IM- singapore n canada engage fully w it. usa n australia establish barriers against it
15
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
eu
A
- for nation to be deeply intergrated into multinational systems, some ppl say liberal immigration rules r necessary
- eg freedom of movement of labour is key component of eu
16
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
the wto
A
- a ‘bretton woods institution’ that attempts to reduce barriers to trade, like quotas n tariffs internationally
- tariffs r taxes on goods that=imported n exported
- hoped that removing tarrifs will ^ flows of goods n services between countries, helping boost economic growth
- removal of trade barriers like this should enable tncs n industries to sell their products to larger market
17
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
tncs
A
- inward investment from tncs may depend on how easily senior staff can be transferred to particular nation
- in usa=difficult for foreign workers to get visas
- may discourage some tnc investment, but usa has lots of other attractive features for tncs like low tax rates n large consumer market
18
Q
factors affecting gov responses to migration
national population
A
- has important role to play bc they elect govs
- countries that have ‘open door’ policies, may alienate electorate of the local ppl dont want more migration
- uk has net migration target (number of immigrants - the number of emigrants) of 100,000 people per year.
- viktor orban, prime minister of hungrary won hungarian election whilst using v anti-migrant rhetoric
19
Q
japan
A
- aging population: 25%=65+
- turned to immigration as a result
- need more labour force- resident foreign workforce has ^ by 40% since 2013
- it has less ppl to support social welfare system
- some govs=against it due to cultural threats n preference of ethnic n cultural homogeneity n public backlash it would ensue
- good as fills lower skilled jobs eg construction n healthcare
- bad as impact on employement n wages of native workers, cost that society may have to think in accomodating foreign workers n frictions that may emerge from cultural n social diff
- economic growth likely to slow as external demand wanes and domestic demand struggles to pick up as not enough workforce but immigration could help this
- immigration could lead to cultural erosion
20
Q
8b.1c
common migrant routes
A
- South Asia to West Asia (Middle East): economic reasons- low skill move for worl. over 1 mill ‘gulf wives’ in kerala, india whose husbands work in middle east
- South Asia to North America: economic. high skill n seek high wages
- south asia to eu: family reunification. Attractive economic, political and social conditions
- n. america to eu: economic n driven by tncs- high skill migrants n want high wages.
- Sub-Saharan Africa & West Asia to Europe: move for economic n political reasons- low skills n seek wages. some=refugees n asylum seekers who flee conflict eg syria n libya
- latin us to eu: driven by cultural ties eg portugal n spain had large mepires in latin usa n during colonial era. portuguese=language of brazil n spanish in argentina n mexico
21
Q
examples of forced migration
A
- jews leaving eu in 1930s/40s to escape the nazis
- slaves from africa to sugar plantations in N.usa n caribbean at time of slave trade
- ppl leave chernobyl in ukraine after nuclear explosion there 1986
22
Q
examples of voluntary migration
A
- economic migrants from mexico to usa in search of higher wages n better jobs
- lewis hamilton move to monaco to improve his lifestyle n minimise his tax burden
- british retirees move to florida/spain for retirement
23
Q
8b.2a
Potential Explanations for Migration
A
- family: many migrants move internationally n w/in nations to be w their families
- politics/war: some forced to leave as displaced. eg syrian war. 700,000 rohingya ppl had to move out of myanmar bc of persecution in 2018.
- economic: most r. they often have to pay for travel n traffickers to get them to destination.
- remittances: families/friends ‘club together’ to send highest earning person abroad, to max remittances. wb- between 2995 n 2014: rems recieved in nepal rose 9% n incidence of poverty fell 11%
24
Q
friedmans core periphery economic model
A
- core: argued uneven growth=cause by natural advantage (e.g. strategic position on a trading route like Antwerp or a rich wealth of raw materials like the USA). core has this advantage nowhere else does.
- backwash effects: imbalance w core n other areas becomes bigger. migrants/resources/investment moves periphery to core.
- migration maxs output: ppl move to most productive place where output n profit=maxed. borders shud open to facilitate this
- trickle down effects: negative BW effects w periphery being harmed by things like brain drain. but F says NBWE= balanced by positive spread effects
25
issues with friedmans theory
- inequalities
- managing migration
- national identity
- backwash vs spread effects
26
migrants crossing the mediterranean
- cross med to eu
- many=from countries of conflict eg *syria* n *afghanistan* to find asylum in eu
- ***2015***- more than 60% of ppl who crossed were fleeing war.
- others flee due to human rights violations
- ***2021***- over **123000** refugees n migrants arrived in eu med coast from *turkey* n *north africa*
- its a v dangerous route- 3200 died/missing in 2021
- since 2014- nearly 25000 ppl died attempting the crossing
- once they reach eu theyre faced w unhygenic conditions, lack of shelter n hostility from authorities
27
# 8.2b
3 key neoliberal policies:
free trade
- goods can be traded between countries w/out restrictions or tariffs
28
3 key neoliberal policies:
deregulated financial markets
- laws n regulations on moving n investing money r removed
29
3 key neoliberal policies:
open borders
- ppl can move between countries w/out needing border checks or visas
30
neoliberalism
- idea of free market society
- economists believe socities work best when inputs from economic production n growth (goods,capital n labour) arent resctricted by regulations, national borders or gov interference
- believe this will cause businesses to generate wealth which will benefit all countrys citizens
31
benefits of allowing economy to work freely
- movement of goods, money n workforce can respond to supply n demand as theyre needed
- so opening borders to migration can have economic benefits bc it allows ppl to move to places where labour n skills r needed=help industries to grow
32
cons of open borders
- contreversial as some argue it undermines the idea of national sovereignty- if anyone can cross a countrys border, how meaningful is the border then?
- if ppl of all nationalities n cultures can cross borders n live anywhere it challenges idea of national identity n what it means to be from a particular nation
- led to debates about how far borders should be opened to migration
33
# challenges to national identity n sovereignty
world bank n imf on growing pop
- they report in 2015 1/2 worlds population in developed countries=aging n slower pop growth
- germany=declining pop
- china also will face it
- world fertility rates=declining
- 1950- 32% of pop=developed. 7% subsahran africa
- 2015- 17% dev. 14% SSA
- by 2050 over 65s will triple from 5%(1960) to 16%
34
costs for developed countries from immigration
- ^ pop **density**
- **traffic congestion**
- higher **taxes** for spending on public services, housing, education n health
- increased supply of labour may depress **wages**= fall in **standard of living**
- some ppl bring own culture instead of adopting host place culture
- **communities** may be **seperate**, w/out shared loyalities=***challnge national identity n soveriegnty***
35
# 8.2c
some policies encourage migration
- unrestricted movement of labour w/in n between nation states helps promote economic growth
- allows ppl to move to places where skills n labour r most in demand
- industries that need to attract ppl can offer higher wages
36
movement w/in the uk n
- w/in uk theres no restrictions on ppl moving between diff areas
- around 1 mill ppl move a sig distance w/in england n wales each year
- many of those=young, skilled ppl moving to cities for work but this =balanced by an outflow of older ppl moving to rural areas
- growth of footloose (eg ICT) industries in south east
- regeneration of large cities eg london n manchaster, has led to in migration of younger ppl for work n urban lifestyle
- many older ppl move from cities to rural areas
37
movement in uk
SOUTH
- s.e=less affected by decline in indutsries bc there were few heavy industries
- lots of tnc HQ w good communication to eu n uk
- capital city= financial hub, complex w lots of differences in boroughs, high paid jobs, quaternary n tertiary
- CORE
38
movement in uk
NORTH
- **primary** n **secondary** industries
- the n industries **industrialised** bc its cheaper to make *products* abroad n cheap *labour* in **asia**= **global shift**
- north has **neautral net flow**= ppl go **uni** there but alot go back south after=employement opps
39
migration w/in eu n schengen area
- eu has 'single market' based on free movement of goods,capital, services n ppl='4 freedoms' between 28 member states
- also lots of temporary migration n tourism flows w/in eu
- eu migrants accounted for 35% of total migrant stock in eu countries as a whole
- eu countries w/largest numbers of eu migrants was germany 3.7mill, spain 2.5mill, france, uk n italy
- in 26 countries of schengen area= migration is easy bc its abolished passport n border controls so they function as single country for travel purposes
40
# 8.3a
migration makes countries more culturally n ethnic diverse
- more ppl migrate to country=greater countrys mix of ppl from diff nationalities, cultures n ethnic groups
- some migrants assimilate into main culture of host country eg might celebrate their festivals or adapt their traditional dishes to suit ingredients/taste of the host country
- in turn, host country ppl might also adopt some elements from migrants groups culture eg wagamama
- others dont assimilate- they maintain own distinct cultural identity= more likely when theres big diff between migrants group culture n dominant culture of host country eg language n religion,= make it harder for migrants to adjust to new culture
41
cultural assimilation
- the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a socities majority group or assume the values, behaviours n beliefs of another group whether fully or partially
42
rates of assimilation
- **speed of learning languages** eg 2011 census uk- 89% non uk born pop=gd at english. but in chinese born had residency for more than 30yrs hadd lowest level (62%)
- **ability to find job**
- **how much they depend on social security benefits**
- **wages**
- **quality of housing**
- **levels of education**
- **cultural marriage**
43
reasons turks r integrating poorly in germany
- german open door policy=poor intergration bc poor education (2/3 turkish immigrant kids r unable to read) so unable to find jobs so the state has to support them which reduces available money that could be spent elsewhere. so oppurtunities to socialise r reduced=even poorer intergration
- also less eductaion=harder to learn language so lack of integration
44
# 8.3b
migration between eu states
*ppl disagree on consequences of migration*
- 2015- around 4% of ppl born in eu were living in diff country w/in eu than they were born
- eg germany=highest number of eu migrants. 2019- 600,000 ppl migrated from eu states to germnay- 40% of total migration to germany
- perceptions of migration vary through eu states- eg 2018- 62% swedish nations believe it makes their country stronger compared to only 10% of greeks do
- 2016 brexit referendum- some ppl voted leave as unhappy w/free movement of ppl w/in eu
45
migration between usa n mexico
- **mexico**= one of biggest source of migration to usa- home to around **11million** mexican migrants=**1/4** of total migrants in us
- usa=most pop destination for mexican migrants which incl **low skilled workers n high skill pros**
- most mexican migrants live in **california** n **texas**=share border w/mexico
- political topic- 2016- **trump** elected following his campaign to builf 2000 mile long wall along mexican/us border to reduce illegal immigration
46
positive perceptions of mexico to usa migration
- ***social***: most move to work=pay **taxes**=help support social services like health care, transport n education
- ***economic***: meet demand for labour eg agriculture n construction. 2011- their work was around **4**% of usa gdp
- ***cultural***: mexican food n language have become popular in usa. eg **13**% of us pop speak spanish
- ***demographic***: migrants tend to be **young**=**working** age=good in areas of **aging** pop-younger migrants support older pop by working n paying taxes
47
negative perceptions of mexico to usa migration
- ***social***: **5mill** of them=**undocumanted**=dont have **viasas**=**illegal**=harder for gov to **regulate** migration
- ***economic***: the migrants r filling **jobs** that usa ppl would **want**
- ***cultural***: some feel they dont try n adopt american culture=**threatens** future of american culture
- ***demographic***: increasing number of mexican migrants might result in **white americans being minority**. *2018*- **50**% of americans said they view a white minority in usa negatively
48
# 8.3c
some find it easier to migrate than others:
*nationality*
- diff levels of border controls between countries
- some countries have aggreements allowing citizens to travel between countries w/out needing visas, meaning their citizens have more opportunities to migrate
- the presence/absence of international border controls can determine how easy or difficult it is for ppl to migrate
49
some find it easier to migrate than others:
*income*
- migration can be expensive w/costs including travel tickets n visa fees
- poorer migrants n those who arent able to get visas amy resort to illegal more dangerous routes w assistance of ppl smugglers
50
some find it easier to migrate than others:
*SKILLS*
- some countries eg australia have immigration policies that use points to rank potential immigrants according to their skills n abilities
- only the more skilled r allowed entry. more skilled migrants might also be able to get a job in new country before they arrive- this makes it easier for them to get a visa
51
# what do countries look for?
wealth
- for mexicans crossing us border=risky n spenny
- many illegal migrants pay smugglers between $4000 n 10,000 to cross it
- migrants from N africa/syria r also often victims of organised crime
- gangs in africa or central eu organise movement of ppl to eu for large payments
52
# what do countries look for?
skills
- migrants to australia=normally skilled workers but need min of 65 points in aus point based system
- skilled workers= pro n manyal workers. accountants=60 points, low end= youth workers-40points
- points awarded depending on age, qualifications n competence in english
- singapores policy divides immigrant workers into 'foreign workers' n 'foreign talents'.
- FM= semi/unskilled workers-mainly construction, manufactuing n domestic services. most come from china n southeast asia
- FT= ppl w/qualifications/degrees who work in their knowledge economy. ppl in this come from south east asia, eu,aus, new zealand n usa
53
# what do countries look for?
oppurtunities
- presence/absence of international border controls
- eg once w/in eu schengen area migrants=able to move unimpeded between member countries
- presence of established n settled family members in destination country
