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Geography - Globalisation > EQ2 > Flashcards

EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who has benefitted from the global shift of manufacturing?

A
  • Economy:
    600 million in China alone have escaped absolute poverty.
  • Education:
    There are now 2900 universities in China, India, and South Korea, and they award millions of degree annually.
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2
Q

What have been the negative impacts of the global shift of manufacturing to Asia?

A

Togo has lost 60% of its forests since 1990,
Mumbai is seeing the squeeze of culture from the Dharavi slums to modern flats. This sees a loss of culture.

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3
Q

What have the economic, emvironmental, and social impacts of the global shift of manufacturing been on China?

A

Environmental: China’s factories still run on coal.
- They are the largest investors in renewable energy globally.
Social:
- Disposable income rose three-fold in from 2000-2010.
- Wage increase due to walkouts of Toyota factories.
Economic:
- China has managed to gain a reputation for bring the ‘hi-tech’ manufacturer for the world.

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4
Q

What have been the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the global shift of manufacturing been on India?

A

environmental:
Dharavi slum area is being rebuilt into non-productive modern flats.
social:
- The legacy of the British Empire is that the majority of Indian people can speak English. This leads to higher productivity.
Economic:
- Techno-elite keep businesses which work 24 hours with high spending power.

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5
Q

What are the two most significant costs to the global shift?

A

Loss of community in slum areas such as Dharavi.
Cliamte change exaccerbated by processes such as deforestation in African areas being invested into.

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6
Q

What are the two most significant benefits to the global shift?

A

600 million people being lifted out of absolute poverty since 1990.
The increased disposable income for Chinese citizens as the middle class grows.

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7
Q

What are the social, economic, and environmental impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK? (Caused by the global shift)

A

social:
- tens of thousands of people lost their jobs
economic:
- Small business startups went bankrupt
Environmental:
- Brownfield sites were created all over cities such as Coventry.

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8
Q

What are the social, economic, and environmental impacts of deindustialisation in the US?

A

Social:
- Depopulation due to middle-class out migration from Detroit. Detroit has lost 1.1 million residents since 1950.
Environmental:
- ‘broken windows’ scenario develops. (Small problem are untreated, and therefore large crime rates such as arson are tollerated)
Economic:
- Unemployment ran at 8% in 2019, due to industry not being replaced.

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9
Q

Why is the global supply chain not functioning properly?

A
  • COVID (Disposable income is spent on material goods rather than events or eating out)
  • Fragile shipping system (Suez blockage of Ever-Given)
  • Therefore, prices are increasing.
  • Driver shortages because of BREXIT.
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10
Q

What are the positive impacts of deindustrialisation?

A
  • Less pollution on British ground.
  • Higher-paid tertiary and quaternary work, rather than secondary work.
  • Some places have now regenerated, Leeds, Salford Quays etc.
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11
Q

Name some population statistics of Shenzen:

A

10.7 million in 2015, from 5,000 in 1950.

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12
Q

How have megacities changed over time?

A

1950 - 2 megacities (New York and Tokyo)
By 2010 - All of the top 10 largest cities were megacities.
By 2035 - It is predicted that there will be 39 cities like this.

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13
Q

Why do urban areas grow?

A

35% - Natural increase
65% - migration

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14
Q

What are urban pull factors impacting rural-urban migration?

A
  • Employment
  • Formal and informal sector work.
  • Better education and health
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15
Q

What are the rural push factors which impact rural-urban migration?

A
  • Poverty paired with population growth.
  • Resource scarcity
  • Mechanised farming
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16
Q

What are shrinking world factors which impact rural- urban migration?

A
  • satellited, and technological connection ‘switches on’ rural dwellers. Migrants can then inform potential migrants of the realities of moving.
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17
Q

What is the sustainability model?

A

A model showing the different factors which contribute to a sustainable city.

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18
Q

What are the environmental challenges to megacity growth in the future?

A
  • Water pollution
  • Smog, in Mediterranean areas due to anticyclone conditions.
  • India: Flooding from sewer failures.
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19
Q

What are the social challenges to megacity growth in the future?

A
  • Health, education, and housing.
  • unemployment can cause all sorts of further issues, such as the growth of extremist views and groups.
20
Q

What are the benefits to host regions of migration?

A
  • Fills skill shortages
  • fill work that locals are reluctant to do.
  • Some migrants may establish new businesses.
21
Q

What are the benefits to source regions from migration?

A
  • Remittances (28% of Nepal’s GDP was remittances in 2017)
  • Migrants or their children may return, and bring back new skills.
22
Q

What are the costs to host regions of migration?

A
  • Social tension:
    New traits
    New policy
    Old employment
23
Q

What are the costs to source regions of migration?

A
  • Loss of workers needed to fill jobs such as doctors.
  • Reduced growth as consumption falls.
  • Ageing population
  • Dereliction because of a loss of young demographic.
24
Q

What are the three types of movement of people which contributes to the creation of global hubs?

A

1) Internal migration rural-urban
2) Elite migration
3) Low-wage migration

25
Q

Which type of migration plays less of a role in Europe and North America?

A

Rural-urban migration.

26
Q

What are the most important costs to source and host countries concerning migration?

A
  • Social tensions within host regions are the most damaging.
  • Spiral of decline due to a youthful / educated population leaving.
27
Q

What is the key benefits to source and host regions concerning migration?

A
  • Global remittances contribute to £500 billion in the global economy.
  • Host regions have highly skilled jobs filled.
28
Q

What % of population increase is due to net migration increase?

A

57%

29
Q

What is an example of cultural diffusion?

A

Large TNC’s moving to small islands such as Crete in Greece, where Starbucks has created a branch. This has negative impacts, because local businesses cannot spread their culture as freely, and US culture spreads further. However, people have more choice.

30
Q

What is ‘cultural diffusion’?

A

The spread of one culture to another through various means.

31
Q

What are the five cultural traits?

A
  • Food
  • Clothing
  • Traditions
  • Language
  • Religion
32
Q

What are the four causes of the emergence of global culture?

A

Migration, TNC’s, Media, and Tourism

33
Q

Why are Chinese TNC’s growing in size?

A

The growing middle-class of China are buying more goods, which means the government can afford investment into infrastructure for trade, and therefore TNC’s can achieve economies of scale.

34
Q

How has media influenced global culture?

A

How it has: News sites being shared globally such as the BBC.
How it hasn’t: This site is still nutoriously ‘British’ and people associate it with britih views.

35
Q

How has tourism influenced global culture?

A

How it has: Branches of tourism have become global such as ‘adventure tourism’ which is in the Lake District.
How it hasn’t: Cultures aim to keep their cultural identity through providing traditional experiences, such as in Yorkshire, where literary tours based on the Bronte Sisters preserve British culture.

36
Q

How have TNC’s influenced global culture?

A

How they have: They spread product to a global market, where capitalist citizens can have the choice to participate in these cultural traits. (Such as Taco Bell opening in Sheffield)
How they haven’t: They may use local traits and identity to sell to a specific market. This is known as glocalization. E.g., because many Hindu Indians do not eat cow, McDonald’s doesn’t serve them beef burgers.

37
Q

How has migration influenced global culture?

A

How it has: Diasporas and increasing migrant populations within cities creates a new ethnoscape, where traits are shared, and begin to become a cultural melting pot.
How it hasn’t: Some cultures still wish to be distinctive in a core culture, although migrants have moved form their home country. E.g., the middle eastern enclave in South London.

38
Q

What are the environmental impacts of China’s nutrition transition?

A

600% more imports of honey, eggs, and dairy from Europe to China. The world will need an area double the size of India to sustainably provide for the growing hunger of the world’s population.
Food miles also incredibly negatively impact the environment. Shipping and flying etc.

39
Q

What are the social impacts of China’s nutrition transition? How has it impacted global diet?

A

Now 100 million obese people in China. (5 x as many as there were in 2002)
9.7% have diabetes.
This means tradition is lost, and health declines.

40
Q

What is Globish? How has it changed global language?

A

= The international language of business. It is a variation of English which includes approximately 1,000 English words.
However, it is not wiping out language. The new language is merely being adopted.

41
Q

Where have clothing conventions changed?

A

In the West, they change constantly. However, the prominent high-end labels such as Gucci and Ralph Lauren, are exposed globally in places such as Vogue Italia, UK, and US.
However, extremely religious places have not changed much.

42
Q

How has global culture advantaged disadvantaged groups?

A

The Paralympics are now a world-wide sport event since 1948, which has allowed disabled sportsmen to compete on a global stage.

43
Q

What tribes are under threat due to cultural erosion?

A

Some uncontacted tribes in the Amazon are at threat of extinction due to the erosion of the Amazon from logging. This is the area with the largest amount of uncontacted tribes in the world.

44
Q

How has France reacted against globalisation, in order to prevent cultural erosion?

A

Only let 14 foreign films show annually.

45
Q

How has Nigeria reacted against globalisation in order to prevent cultural erosion?

A
46
Q

How has China reacted against globalisation in order to prevent cultural erosion?

A

China’s Great Fire Wall. It is the firewall against foreign content that the government has placed on devices. These are then monitored.

Geography - Globalisation (5 decks)

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