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REGENERATING PLACES > EQ1: How and why do places vary? > Flashcards

EQ1: How and why do places vary? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five different economic sectors?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
  • quinary
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2
Q

What does the primary sector consist of?

A

Extraction of raw materials, from the ground or the sea, such as agriculture, forestry, mining or fishing.

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3
Q

Give examples of primary sector jobs.

A
  • farmer
  • fisherman
  • miner
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4
Q

What areas tend to have more primary employment?

A

Rural areas. Tends to be low-paid, manual work.

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5
Q

List specific UK examples with more primary employment.

A
  • Cornwall
  • Boston
  • Derbyshire
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6
Q

What does the secondary sector consist of?

A

Manufacturing and processing of raw materials into goods.

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7
Q

Give examples of secondary sector jobs.

A

Factory worker e.g car manufacturing/food processing

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8
Q

What areas tend to have more secondary employment?

A

Northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.

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9
Q

List specific UK examples with more secondary employment.

A
  • Manchester
  • Sheffield
  • Glasgow
  • Swindon (Honda)
  • Sunderland (Nissan)
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10
Q

What does the tertiary sector consist of?

A

Service sector jobs, such as retail, services, and office work.

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11
Q

Give examples of tertiary sector jobs.

A
  • teaching
  • tourism
  • banking
  • education
  • healthcare

Can vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.

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12
Q

What areas tend to have more tertiary employment?

A

Urban areas.

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13
Q

List specific UK examples with more tertiary employment.

A

So many places have tertiary employment!

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14
Q

What does the quaternary sector consist of?

A

High tech, scientific research. Research and development. ICT. Design.

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15
Q

Give examples of quaternary sector jobs.

A 
Mostly in universities:
β€’ PhD student
β€’ computer scientist
β€’ research worker
β€’ media
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16
Q

What areas tend to have more quaternary employment?

A
  • London

* South East England

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17
Q

What changes in the economic sectors have arisen in the UK?

A
  • the decline of the primary and secondary sectors

* the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors

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18
Q

In Great Britain 1841, what percentage of jobs were in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

A
  • 36% worked in the secondary sector
  • 33% in the tertiary sector (services, quaternary and quinary)
  • 22% in the primary sector
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19
Q

In England and Wales in 2011, what percentage of jobs were in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

A
  • 81% worked in the tertiary sector
  • 9% in the secondary
  • 1% in the primary
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20
Q

How can employment type be classified?

A
  • full time (35 hours per week) or part time (under 35 hours)
  • temporary or permanent
  • employed or self-employed
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21
Q

What does the quinary sector consist of?

A

Knowledge management and consultancy, leadership and CEOs.

The sector is contains the highest levels of decision making in an economy - the top business executives and officials in government, science, universities, non-profit organisations, healthcare, culture and the media.

It is concentrated in STEM employment.

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22
Q

What is the quinary sector an important aspect of?

A

The increasing knowledge economy, creating prosperity in areas of the UK like the Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London.

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23
Q

Give examples of places embracing the growth of employment sectors.

A
  • Manchester
  • London
  • the M4 corridor

These places become WINNERS.

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24
Q

Give examples of quinary sector jobs.

A
  • management consultants

* CEOs

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25
Q

What areas tend to have more quinary employment?

A
  • London

* South East England

26
Q

On average, how much more are men paid than women?

A

Men are paid 10% more than women, however this has and is narrowing.

27
Q

What kind of work often has low pay?

A

Temporary and seasonal work e.g tourism and agriculture

28
Q

What is the Clark Fisher model?

A

Shows the changes in employment through a period of time e.g pre-industrial - the primary sector dominates (farming and mining) , industrial - growth of secondary and to support population

29
Q

What does the Clark-Fisher hypothesis state?

A

That development will eventually lead to the majority of the labour force working in the service sector.

30
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Where is Reading located?

A

Southern England

31
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Where is Middlesbrough located?

A

Northeast England

32
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Reading and Middlesbrough are similar sized areas, what is the population of the two places?

A

They both have a population of approximately 170,000.

33
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: How many more professionals does Reading have compared to Middlesbrough?

A

More than twice the number of professionals, but far fewer skilled trades, caring and leisure workers and people employed in manual work.

34
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Reading are in professional jobs e.g lawyers/doctors?

35
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Middlesbrough are in professional jobs e.g lawyers/doctors?

36
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Reading are in manual work?

37
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Middlesbrough are in manual work?

38
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Out of Reading and Middlesbrough, which place is considered more economically successful?

39
Q

π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: In 2015, what was the average hourly pay for a male worker in Reading + Middlesbrough?

A

Middlesbrough ➑ £12.50 (earning £532 in full time employment)

Reading ➑ £14.80 (£605 per week in full employment)

40
Q

β€‹π—–π—”π—¦π—˜ 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What are the reasons for these economic differences in Reading and Middlesbrough?

A
  • in 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading
  • in 2014, 19% had a University level qualification in Middlesbrough, but 43% in Reading
  • Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn about Β£350 a week, whereas Reading’s professional ear about Β£700
  • temporary, low paid and β€˜zero-hours contract’ work is more common in Middlesbrough, meaning people have lower job and income security.
  • there is a difference in life expectancy: a male born in 2014 in Middlesbrough - 77, the same male born in 2014 in Reading - 81
  • health (measured by the percentage of long term sick and disabled) is very high in Middlesbrough (7%) compared to Reading. (3%)
41
Q

What does the uSwitch Index combine to rank UK regions’ quality of life?

A
  • housing affordability
  • energy costs
  • broadband availability
  • average incomes
  • crime rates
42
Q

Where were the highest median earning in 2011 found in the UK?

A

South-west London

43
Q

What cities tend to have lower average pay than elsewhere?

A

Older, industrial cities. However the lowest rates are in north-west Wales.

44
Q

What is quality of life?

A

A measure of the well-being and life-satisfaction of people living in a particular place.

45
Q

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

A

The government’s geographical measure of multiple deprivation that takes into account 7 types of deprivation and combines them into one index in England and Wales.

46
Q

What are the 7 types of deprivation that the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) takes into account?

A 
➊ Income 
βž‹ Education 
➌ Employment
➍ Barriers to housing and services
➎ Health + disability
➏ Crime
➐ Living environment
47
Q

Index of Multiple Deprivation: The lower the number…

A

the more deprived an area is.

48
Q

Index of Multiple Deprivation: The higher the number…

A

the less deprived an area is.

49
Q

Over time, what have places changed?

A

Their functions and demographic characteristics.

50
Q

Define function.

A

The activities that take place in a particular area or location.

51
Q

What might regeneration try to do as the landscapes produced by the functions are rapidly changing due to internet and broadband and changing customer habits?

A

Counteract β€œcloning” of land uses and encourage specific place identities to draw customers back

52
Q

As few places are static, what does this result in?

A

Change affecting places continually.

53
Q

Give examples of economic functions in the land use of urban and rural places.

A
  • Administrative: council offices, schools and other public services like clinics and hospitals
  • Commercial: offices of service industries
  • Retail
  • Industrial: factories, warehouses and distribution centres
54
Q

In Reading, why have commercial functions grown?

A

Due to the success of the area’s service sector, plus the location of some companies in the quaternary industrial sector such as Microsoft and Intel.

55
Q

What is ethnic composition?

A

The ethnic group make-up of a population.

56
Q

What percentage of the population are white in Reading compared to Middlesbrough? What does this suggest?

A

65% of Reading’s residents were white British compared to 86% in Middlesbrough. `

Greater ethnic diversity in Reading suggests a more successful place that has attracted economic migrants.

57
Q

Over time, why do the places where people choose to live change?

A

As the inhabitants reshape and reconfigure them to meet their shifting needs and priorities.

58
Q

What are demographic changes?

A

Changes in the population characteristics of a place. This could be the number of people or the types of people.

59
Q

Why do groups settle in certain areas of the UK?

A
  • language
  • community
  • cost of living
60
Q

What is gentrification?

A

A change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location.

REGENERATING PLACES (4 decks)

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