EPS Flashcards
Why do we care about EPS?
1) Earnings from P/L shows absolute earnings whereas EPS can be meaningful to someone
valuing one share in the company
2) It can be used for performance comparisons between different entities
3) For listed companies it is more useful to know what the earnings for each share are AND EPS links easily (via the price-earnings ratio) to the price per share
What are the limitations of EPS?
When comparing performance of different entities, the entities may:
1) have different reporting periods
2) use different accounting policies
What is the minimum number of EPS figures that South African listed companies should disclose?
South African listed companies disclose at least 3 EPS figures
List the 3 EPS figures that South African listed companies should disclose?
1) Basic EPS
2) Fully Diluted EPS
3) Headline EPS
What is Basic EPS?
Basic EPS refers to actual earnings per share achieved
in the current year
How many basic EPS figures should be disclosed if there are discontinued operations?
There should be 2 BEPS if there are discontinued operations)
What is fully diluted EPS?
Fully diluted EPS shows how EPS will change because of future changes in capital structure
What is Headline EPS?
It is based on earnings adjusted by ‘separately identifiable re-measurements’ (non trading/non-operating items)
How is BEPS calculated?
BEPS is = Profit/loss attributable to Ordinary Equity holders/Weighted average no of shares in issue during period
i.e Attributable earnings / WANOS
What are Attributable ordinary earnings?
This refers to the profit/loss attributable to ordinary shares
What do Attributable ordinary earnings include?
They include:
1) Dividends on preference shares classified as liabilities (net of tax)
2) exceptional items
What do Attributable ordinary earnings exclude?
They exclude:
1) other comprehensive income
2) Dividends on preference shares classified as equity
What is WANOS?
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares in issue during the reporting period
What does WANOS reflect and how does it reflect this?
WANOS reflects the fact that ordinary share capital has varied during period
It does this by accounting for:
1) The number of ordinary shares outstanding at beginning of period
2) Adjustments for any shares repurchased or issued during the period (for portion of period outstanding: ‘time-weighted’)
3) number of shares that changed without
corresponding change in resources (capitalisation issue, share split: ‘retrospective
adjustment’)
In what instances can the number of shares be changed without a corresponding adjustment to resources?
Number of shares can be changed without a corresponding adjustment to resources when there is:
1) a Share split/Reverse share split?
2) Capitalisation/a Bonus issue–
3) Rights issue
Is WANOS adjusted retrospectively or prospectively?
Retrospectively
what are dilutive potential ordinary shares?
These are financial instruments which will reduce EPS when issued as ordinary shares
Why do we care about DILUTED EPS?
Diluted EPS assists users to evaluate the sensitivity of EPS to
future changes in the capital structure of the company (where potential dilutive ordinary shares exist)
What are potential ordinary shares?
These are Financial instruments that entitle the holder to ordinary shares in future.
List 4 examples of potential ordinary shares
1) Convertible debentures or convertible preference shares.
2) Options and warrants (issuable at below market price).
3) Shares that may be issued to employees as part of
remuneration (e.g., share incentive schemes).
4) Shares that will be issued if certain future events happen
or do not happen (contingent shares).
Are potential ordinary shares always dilutive?
Potential ordinary shares MAY be dilutive (reduce EPS) or
anti-dilutive
When Calculating Diluted EPS how do you test if potential ordinary shares are dilutive or
anti-dilutive?
Use “control number” (current P/L) to test if dilutive or anti-dilutive
In the the calculation of diluted EPS, what we do to Anti-dilutive potential ordinary shares?
Anti-dilutive potential ordinary shares are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS
What is included in Headline Earnings ?
earnings items that relate to the
operating/trading of an entity