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Module 1 CB > Epithelium Glands I > Flashcards

Epithelium Glands I Flashcards

1
Q

name describe the 4 types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
    1. Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands
  2. connective
    1. underlies or supports other 3 basic tissues structually and functionally
  3. muscle
    1. consists of contractile cells and responsible for movement
  4. nerve
    1. receives, transmits and integrates information from outside and inside the body to control activities of the body
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2
Q

list the general features of epithelium

A
  • avascular
    • no blood vessels
    • oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
  • covers exterior body surfaces (skin)
  • lines internal closed cavities
  • lines body tubes
  • forms secretory portion (parenchyma) and ducts of glands
  • specialized cells function as receptors for special sense
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3
Q

name the 3 principal characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. cells are closely apposed (next to) and adhere to each other
    1. specialized cell to cell junctions
  2. exhibit functional and morphological polarity
    1. Free surface/apical domain
    2. lateral domain
    3. basal domain
  3. Basal surface attached to underlying basement membrane
    1. Cell to matrix junctions
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4
Q

name the 5 functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Secretion
    1. ex: columnar epithelium of stomach and gastric glands
  2. absorption
    1. ex: columnar epithelium of intestine
  3. transportation
    1. transport material on surface of epithelium with motile cilia
    2. ex: psedustratified ciliated columnar epithelium of trachia
  4. mechanical protection
    1. ex: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of the skin
  5. receptor function
    1. receive and transduce external stimuli
    2. ex: olfactory epithelium of the nasal mucosa
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5
Q

list classifications of epithelium

A
  1. number of cell layers
    1. 1 cell layer = simple
    2. 2+ cell layers = stratified
  2. cell shape of surface, nucleated
    1. squamous
      1. width > height
    2. cuboidal
      1. width = depth = height
    3. columnar
      1. height > width
  3. Speciailization of apical cell surface
    1. cilia
    2. microvili
    3. stereocilia
    4. keratinized
    5. nonkeratinized
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6
Q

describe simple squamous epithelium

A
  • one layer of flat cells attached to basement membrane
  • cell width > height
  • apical surfaces are typically smooth
  • nuclei appear flattened
  • major functions
    • exchange
    • barrier
    • lubrication
  • typical locations
    • lining of heart, blood & lymphatic vessels
      • endothelium
    • lining body cavities
      • mesothelium
    • Bowman’s capsule of kidney
    • lining respiratory spaces of lung
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7
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • one layer of cuboidal cells attached to the basement membrane
  • cell height = width = depth
  • nuclei are typically spherical in shape and centrally located
  • apical surfaces can be smooth or have microvilli
  • some cells have long and abundant microvilli called a “brush border”
    • ex: proximal convoluted tubules of kidney
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8
Q

name the major functions and typical locations of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • functions
    • absorption
    • secretion
    • barrier
  • typical locations
    • small ducts of exocrine glands
    • surface of ovary
    • kidney tubules
    • thyroid follices
    • liver hepatocytes
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9
Q

describe the simple columnar epithelium

A
  • One layer of columnar cells attached to the basement brane
  • cell heigh > width
  • nuclei are typically oval in shape and lcoated in the basal region
  • apical surface may have specializations depending on location and function
    • microvilli
    • cilia
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10
Q

name the major functions and locations of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Functions
    • absorption
    • secretion
  • locations
    • stomach
    • small intestine
    • large intestine
    • gallbladder
    • uterine tube
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11
Q

describe the pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • one layer of cells that vary in shape and height
  • most cells are columnar, but some are short basal cells (stem cells)
  • pseudo = false
    • cells appear stratified (2+ layers) but ALL cells are attached to the basement membrane
      • confirmed by EM
  • the apical surface of the columnar cells often have apical specializations
    • cilia
    • stereocilia
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12
Q

name the functions and locations of pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • functions
    • secretion
    • conduit
    • absorption
  • locations
    • trachea & bronchial tree
    • male reproductive tract
      • ductus deferens
      • epididymis
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13
Q

describe the stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • several layers of cells with squamous cells in the superficial layer
  • may be keratinized or non-keratinized depending on location and functional demand
  • only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basement membrane
  • main functions include protection against injury & abrasion and barrier to dehydration and infection
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14
Q

name the functions and locations of stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • functions
    • barrier
    • protection
  • locations
    • esophagus
    • vagina
    • epidermis
    • oral cavity
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15
Q

describe stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • 2-3 layers of cells with cuboidal cells in the superficial layer
  • the apical surfaces of superficial cells are often smooth
  • basal cell layer attached to the basement membrane
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16
Q

name the major functions and locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • functions
    • barrier
    • conduit (channel for conveying water or other fluid)
  • locations
    • sweat gland ducts
    • large ducts of exocrine glands
    • anorectal junction
17
Q

describe the stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • composed of 2 or 3 layers of cells with columnar cells in the superficial layer
  • basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane
    • not a common type of epithelium
18
Q

name the major functions and locations of stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • functions
    • barrier
    • conduit
  • locations
    • largest ducts of exocrine glands
    • anorectal junction
19
Q

describe the transitional epithelium

A
  • stratified epithelium lining urinary tract
    • urothelium
  • surface cells often are dome-shaped
    • umbrella cells
  • in empty bladder, basal cells are mostly cuboidal, middle layer polygonal and apical cells bulge into the lumen
  • in stretched bladder, thickness is reduced and the superficial cells are flattened (squamous)
  • the apical cells have extra cell membrane material near the superficial (apical) surface
    • may possess 2 nuclei
20
Q

name the major functions and locations of transitional epithelium

A
  • functions
    • barrier
    • distensible property
  • locations
    • urinary system
      • renal calyces
      • ureter
      • bladder
      • urethra
21
Q

name the apical specializations of cells

A
  1. cilia
    1. assist in movement of particles along apical surface
  2. microvilli
    1. increases cell surface area to facilitate absorption and secretion
  3. stereocilia
    1. increases apical surface area of cell
22
Q

describe cilia (arrangement, function, location)

A
  • elongated, motile structures, the core of microtubules
    • 5-10 microns in length
  • Microtubules are arranged in a consistent array of 2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 peripheral pairs
  • cilia arise from electron dense, cylindrical structures called basal bodies (modified centriole - MTOC)
  • Function: aiding the transport of material along the surface of cells
  • Locations:
    • respiratory epithelium
    • Fallopian tube
23
Q

difference between cilia and basal body?

A
24
Q

describe microvilli (structure, function, location)

A
  • small finger-like projections
    • 1-3 microns
    • Brush border
  • core composed of actin microfilaments (20-30)
  • anchored to an actin network structure called the terminal web, which contain microfilaments to stabilize the microvilli
  • Functions
    • Increasing the apical surface area of the cell
    • aid in absorption
  • Locations:
    • small intestine
    • gall bladder
    • kidney
25
Q

describe stereocilia (function, structure, location)

A
  • elongated microvilli
    • up to 120 microns
  • Core = actin microfilaments
  • function: helps in absorption
  • location:
    • epididymins
    • vas deferens
    • inner ear

Module 1 CB (18 decks)

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