Clinical Integrated

Question 1

describe cystinuria

Answer 1

• caused by an abnormal carrier protein
• cystinuria is a hereditary condition caused by abnormal carrier proteins that are unable to remove cystine from the urine, resulting in formation of kidney stones

Question 2

describe tetrodotoxin

Answer 2

• inactivates Na+ channels by occupying the Na+ binding sites (in nerves) thus causing paralysis
• dizziness and tingling around mouth, followed by ataxia, respiratory paralysis and death

Question 3

describe cholera toxin

Answer 3

• alters Gs protein so that is unable to hydrolize the GTP molecule
• results in increased cAMP levels in the absorptive surface cells of the intestine, leading to excess sodium ions and water loss, which results in diarrhea

Question 4

describe snake venom

Answer 4

• inactivate acetylcholine receptors located on the skeletal muscle sarcolemma at neuromuscular junctions

Question 5

describe Grave’s disease

Answer 5

• an autommune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism
• if an antibody binds to the thyroid receptor for TSH, it increases the activity of the thyroid

Question 6

describe hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 6

• characterized by fragile, mis-shaped red blood cells (spherocytes)
• results from a defective spectrin that has decreased ability to band 4 and band 1 protein
• marked by anemia due to the increased destruction of spherocytes in the spleen

Question 7

describe Down’s syndrome

Answer 7

• aneuploidy
• associated with an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

Question 8

describe Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 8

• aneuplodiy of the sex chromosome (XXY)
• characterized by infertility, variable degree of masculinization and small testes

Question 9

describe Turner’s syndrome

Answer 9

• associated with monosomy of the sex chromsome (X)

Question 10

describe lipoma

Answer 10

• common benign tumor which usually occurs within the subcuntaenous fatty tissue

Question 11

define dysplasia

Answer 11

• rapid proliferation of epithelial cells with failure of differentiation

Question 12

describe dysplasia of the cervix

Answer 12

• normal: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
• abnormal/dysplastic: ??

Question 13

contrast dysplasia and cancer

Answer 13

• cancer
  
  • cells are pleiomorphic: change in morpholoy
  • cytoplasm will be less and nucleus will be larger

Question 14

describe metaplasia

Answer 14

• complete reversible change of one mature epithelium with another
• stimuli: chronic irritant, viral, etc.

Question 15

describe metaplasia in chronic bronchitis

Answer 15

• normal: pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells
• abnormal: stratified squamous non-keratnized epithelium
  
  • mucous gland become hypertrophied, so more mucus
  • particles won’t move, causes coughing

Question 16

describe Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 16

• normal: stratified squamous
• abnormal: simple columnar

Question 17

define carcinoma

Answer 17

• carcinoma = malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin
  
  • gland = adenoma

Question 18

Answer 18

reversal of cytoplasm: nucleus ratio

Question 19

contrast carcinoma in-situ and invasive carcinoma

Answer 19

• carcinoma in situ: malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin limited to epithelium, doesn’t invade the connective tissue below
• invasive carcinoma: invasion of malignant cells into the connective tissue

Question 20

name the lysosomal storage disorders

Answer 20

• Tay-Sachs
  
  • glycolipids accumulate in the nervous system
• Glycogen storage disease
  
  • glycogen is abundant in the liver and muscle
• Hurler’s syndrome
  
  • GAGs accumulate in many tissues and organs

Question 21

describe Tay-sachs

Answer 21

• Lack HexA in lysosomes
• GM2 proliferates that it kills cells, gradually shutting down the CNS

Question 22

describe Kartagener’s syndrome

Answer 22

• Autosomal recessive disorder involving mutation in genes that code for ciliary protein dynein
• results in:
  
  • situs inversus: reversal of organs due to faulty migration during embroygenesis
  • recurrent pulmonary infections
  • sterility in males