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Personal PoM MBC > epithelial cells and tissues > Flashcards

epithelial cells and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

define tissue

A

a group or groups of cells whose type, organisation and architecture are integral to its function

tissues are made up of cells, extracellular matrix and fluid

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2
Q

what are the five main cell types?

A 
Connective tissue cells
Contractile tissues
Haematopoietic cells
Neural cells
Epithelial cells
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3
Q

give examples of connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts (many tissues), chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bone)

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4
Q

give examples of contractile tissues

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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5
Q

give examples of haematopoietic cells

A

blood cells, tissue-resident immune cells, and the cells of the bone marrow from which they are derived

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6
Q

give examples of neural cells

A

cells of the nervous system having two main types; neurones (carry electrical signals) and glial cells (support cells)

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7
Q

give examples of epithelial cells

A

cells forming continuous layers, these layers line surfaces and separate tissue compartments and have a variety of other functions

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8
Q

do tumours retain characteristics of the cell type they originate from or not?

A

yes

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9
Q

what are epithelial cancers called?

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

what are mesenchymal (connective tissue and muscle) cancers called?

A

sarcomas

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11
Q

what are haematopoietic cancers from bone marrow cells called?

A

leukaemia

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12
Q

what are haematopoietic cancers from lymphocytes called?

A

lymphoma

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13
Q

what are neural cell cancers from neurones called?

A

neuroblastomas

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14
Q

what are neural cell cancers from glial cells called?

A

gliomas

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15
Q

how are epithelial cells organised?

A

epithelial cells make organised, stable cell-cell junctions to form continuous, cohesive layers

epithelial layers line internal and external body surfaces and have a variety of functions, e.g. transport, absorption, secretion, protection

cell-cell junctions key to the formation and maintenance of epithelial layers

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16
Q

how are epithelial cells classified?

A

their shape
squamous (flattened plate-shape)
cuboidal
columnar

their layering
single layer = simple epithelium
multi-layered = stratified epithelium

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17
Q

where are single squamous epithelia found?

A

These arrangements are found in the lung alveolar (air sac) epithelium, mesothelium (lining major body cavities), endothelium lining blood vessels and other blood spaces)

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18
Q

what is the function of single squamous epithelia?

A

They form a thin epithelium that allows exchange to occur (e.g. gas exchange in the alveoli).

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19
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A

T​hese epithelial cell arrangements are typical of the linings found in ducts

e.g. those lining the kidney collecting ducts.

20
Q

where are simple columnar epithelia found?

A

surfaces involved in absorption and secretion of molecules.

e.g. enterocytes lining the gut, involved in the take up of the breakdown products of digestion

21
Q

what are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

keratinising

non-keratinising

22
Q

outline keratinizing epithelia

A

Epithelial cells which produce keratin and in doing so die becoming thicker, stronger, protective structures (e.g. epidermis (skin epithelium). Such cells lose their cellular organelles and nuclei, not visible under light microscopy.

23
Q

outline non keratinizing epithelia

A

Epithelial cells which do not undergo keratinisation. They retain their nuclei and organelles. (e.g. epithelium lining the mouth, oesophagus, anus, cervix and vagina.

24
Q

what is pseudo stratified epithelia?

A

T​his epithelium appears to be multi-layered.

On close examination, the surface cells have contact with the basal lamina.

25
Q

where can pseudo stratified epithelia be found?

A

airway (trachea and bronchi) epithelium, various ducts in the urinary and reproductive tracts.

26
Q

what is the part of the epithelial cells membrane that touches the lumen called?

A

the apical domain

27
Q

what is the part of the epithelial cell membrane that touches the basal lamina and other cells called?

A

the basolateral domain

28
Q

what are the directional functions of epithelia?

A

secretion
fluid and solute transport
absorption

29
Q

why is polarity of the epithelium essential?

A

to allow directionality

30
Q

how is polarity maintained?

A

having transporters(pumps) on one side allowing for directional flow of ions

31
Q

what are the types of cell-cell junctions?

A

tight junction
Adherens junction
desmosome
gap junction

32
Q

what do tight junctions do?

A

seal gaps between cells

usually at the apical side of cell

33
Q

what do Adherens junctions do?

A

master junction controls formation of other junctions

usually found below the tight junction

34
Q

what do desmosomes do?

A

form mechanically tough junctions between cells

resist mechanical stresses

35
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

channel forming
pores between cells allowing exchange of materials
synchronise cells and form communities

36
Q

how are transporting epithelia specialised?

A

high concentration of ion transporters

mitochondria associated with basal membrane infoldings

37
Q

how are absorptive epithelia specialised?

A

large surface area- villi and microvilli

large amounts of transporters on the brush-border

38
Q

what are the main types of secretion?

A

exocrine

endocrine

39
Q

what is endocrine secretion?

A

into blood

40
Q

what is exocrine secretion?

A

into a duct or lumen

41
Q

what are the contents of secretory cells?

A

extensive rough ER on non secreting side of cell

secretory granules on secretory side of cell

42
Q

what ways can cells secrete?

A

constitutive

stimulated

43
Q

what is constitutive secretion?

A

vesicles as they are formed move directly to membrane and release their contents

44
Q

what is stimulated secretion?

A

vesicles are stored in cytoplasm and fuse to membrane when they receive a signal

45
Q

what is meant by the epithelia is constantly turning over?

A

cells that are lost by cell death or mechanical removal are replaced by proliferation of stem cells within the epithelium

Personal PoM MBC (8 decks)

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