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Personal PoM MBC > cell metabolism 1 > Flashcards

cell metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three stages of glucose respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. TCA cycles
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

oxidation of glucose within cytosol of individual cells generating ATP and NADH
anaerobic process

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3
Q

what are the 6 types of reaction involved in respiration?

A

redox- electron transfer
ligation(requires ATP)- formation of covalent bond
isomerisation- rearrangement of atoms
group transfer- transfer of functional groups between molecules
hydrolytic- cleavage of bonds by addition of water
addition or removal of functional groups- addition to double bonds or removal to form double bonds

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4
Q

what is the overall equation for glycolysis?

A

glucose ——–> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

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5
Q

outline step 1/10 of glycolysis

A

glucose———-> glucose-6-phosphate(G6P) + H+
ATP ADP
enzyme- hexokinase
type of reaction- group transfer
traps glucose in cell via negative charge

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6
Q

outline step 2/10 of glycolysis

A

glucose-6-phosphate——>fructose-6-phosphate
enzyme- phosphoglucose isomerase
type of reaction- isomerisation

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7
Q

outline step 3/10 of glycolysis

A

fructose-6-phosphate—–>fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ATP ADP
enzyme- phosphofructokinase
type of reaction- group transfer

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8
Q

outline step 4/10 of glycolysis

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate—>glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
enzyme-aldolase
type of reaction- hydrolytic
(2 high energy compounds)

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9
Q

outline step 5/10 of glycolysis

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate——–>glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
enzyme- triose phosphate isomerase(TPI)
type of reaction- isomerisation
metabolic diseases- TPI deficiency is the only glycolytic enzymopathy that is fatal

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10
Q

outline step 6/10 of glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate–>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
NAD+ +Pi NADH
enzyme- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
type of reaction- redox and group transfer
(all reactions from here on happen twice due to 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates)

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11
Q

outline step 7/10 of glycolysis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate——>3-phosphoglycerate
ADP ATP
enzyme- phosphoglycerate kinase
type of reaction- group transfer

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12
Q

outline step 8/10 of glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerate——>2-phosphoglycerate
enzyme- phosphoglycerate mutase
type of reaction- isomerisation

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13
Q

outline step 9/10 of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate—–>phosphoenolpyruvate + water
enzyme-enolase
type of reaction- group removal (dehydration)

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14
Q

outline step 10/10 of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate——-> pyruvate
ADP ATP
enzyme-pyruvate kinase
type of reaction- group transfer

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15
Q

what are the 3 fates of pyruvate

A

alcoholic fermentation
lactate production
acetyl CoA production

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16
Q

outline the 2 steps of alcoholic fermentation

A
  1. pyruvate—–>acetaldehyde
    H+ CO2
    enzyme- pyruvate decarboxylase
  2. acetaldehyde———–>ethanol
    NADH + H+ NAD+
    enzyme- alcohol dehydrogenase
17
Q

outline lactate production

A

pyruvate lactate
NADH + H+ NAD+
enzyme- lactate dehydrogenase

18
Q

outline how creatine phosphate acts as a buffer

A

creatine phosphate + ADPcreatine + ATP

enzyme- creatine kinase

19
Q

outline how acetyl-CoA is produced(link reaction)

A 
pyruvate + HS-CoA-------->acetyl-CoA +CO2
                         NAD+       NADH
enzyme- pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
occurs in mitochondria 
committed to enter TCA cycle
20
Q

what is the feature of acetyl-CoA?

A

high energy thioester linkage which allows donation of the acetate(2C) molecule

21
Q

what is beri beri?

A

results from poor PDH(pyruvate dehydrogenase)
damages peripheral nervous system
causes weak musculature and decreased cardiac output
brain is especially vulnerable as it relies on glucose metabolism
low thiamine can cause it due to thiamine being a cofactor for PDH

22
Q

what does each turn of the TCA cycle produce?

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 GTP
1 FADH2

23
Q

describe the enzymes involved in the TCA

A

soluble proteins located in mitochondrial matrix space

24
Q

what condition is required for TCA cycle to happen?

A

aerobic

25
Q

how do amino acids enter the TCA cycle?

A

usually deaminated and carbon skeleton used to make glucose or enter TCA directly

26
Q

what 7 molecules are produced from degradation of all 20 amino acids?

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. acetyl CoA
  3. acetoacetyl CoA
  4. alpha-ketoglutarate
  5. succinyl CoA
  6. fumarate
  7. oxaloacetate
27
Q

outline protein metabolism (alanine example)

A

transamination
e.g alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate———>pyruvate + glutamate
enzyme- alanine aminotransferase
type of reaction- group transfer
(glutamate then returns to alpha-ketoglutarate using glutamate dehydrogenase producing NH4+ and then urea)

28
Q

how do the NADH electrons move from cytosol to matrix of mitochondria? (2 ways)

A
  1. glycerol phosphate shuttle(skeletal muscle and brain)

2. malate-aspartate shuttle(liver, kidney and heart)

29
Q

outline the glycerol phosphate shuttle

A
  1. cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADH to DHAP(dihydroxyacetone phosphate) to make glycerol 3-phosphate
  2. a membrane bound form of that enzyme transfers electrons to FAD. which then get sent to co-enzyme Q(ubiquinone) a part of the electron transport chain
30
Q

outline the malate-aspartate shuttle

A

in cytosol
1) aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate—–>oxaloacetate + glutamate (enzyme- aspartate transaminase)
2) oxaloacetate————-> malate (enzyme- malate dehydrogenase)
NADH + H+ NAD+
in the mitochondria reverse happens ( malate——————>aspartate)

31
Q

how much ATP does re-oxidation of NADH produce?

A

3

32
Q

how much ATP does re-oxidation of FADH2 produce?

A

2

33
Q

how much ATP is generated in TCA cycle?

A

3NADH + 1FADH2 + GTP = 12ATP

34
Q

what else does glycolysis and TCA cycled produce?

A

building blocks

35
Q

what are TCA defects in cancer?

A

mutations in genes coding for enzymes in the TCA creating more lactate even when there is plenty O2

forcing these cells into oxidative phosphorylation may make them non cancerous

Personal PoM MBC (8 decks)

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