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Hematology > Episode TRES-Erythrocytes! > Flashcards

Episode TRES-Erythrocytes! Flashcards

1
Q

Freaking cool: How many RBCs are produced PER DAY?

A

200 B-B-Bah-Billion!

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2
Q

What are the three types of bone that house RED bone marrow in adults?

A

1.Flat bones (Skull..) 2.Irregular Bones(vertebrae) 3.Long bones (EPIPHYSES of humerus)

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3
Q

Yellow marrow is found in the __________.

A

medullary cavity

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4
Q

In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to _________ to increase blood cell production

A

RED marrow

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5
Q

In the adult, RBCs are synthesized in __________. In the fetus, blood cells are also formed in the _____ and _______ (extramedullary erythropoiesis).

A

red bone marrow…..liver…..spleen

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6
Q

In adults, _______ _________ may occur in diseases in which the bone marrow becomes destroyed or fibrosed.

A

extramedullary erythropoiesis

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7
Q

In children, blood cells are actively produced in the marrow cavities of all the bones. By approx. age ___ , the marrow in the long bones, except for the _____ _______and ______, has become inactive.

A

20…..upper humerus and femur

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8
Q

What are the first two cells that are the genesis of Hematapoiesis? *2 names for each cell…THANKS SCIENCE!

A

Pluripotential/Multipotential Cells—->Progenitor/Colony Forming Units

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9
Q

The ______ _______ _____ are few in number but are capable of replacing the bone marrow when injected into a host whose own bone marrow has been completely destroyed.

A

pluripotential stem cells

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10
Q

What is the most important growth factor for Erythropoiesis?

A

Erythro-Poi-Etin (EPO)

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11
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO), which is released by the ______ (and to a smaller extent, the ____)

A

kidneys…liver

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12
Q

What do RBCs ENTER the circulation as?

A

Reticulocytes!

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13
Q

How long do reticulocytes stay in the marrow or spleen before they fully mature to erythrocytes?

A

A few days :)

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14
Q

BIG:What are the 4 ABSOLUTE ingredients for making normal RBCs???

A

1.Amino Acids 2.Iron (ferrous Fe2+) 3.B9-Folic Acid 4.Vitamin B12

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15
Q

What is the special stain that you need to add if you want to see reticulocytes in a blood smear?

A

Basophilic Stain

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16
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is regulated by a ______ feedback loop, therefore: When oxygen levels are low (_______), EPO levels _____, and RBC production _______ until oxygenation returns to normal.

A

negative….(HYPOXIA)……rise……increases

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17
Q

What is the MOST unique feature of the RBC membrane??

A

only 10-15 MAJOR protein types (normal cells have 100’s or 1000’s!!)

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18
Q

What is unique about the RBC cytoskeleton?

A

Unique protein filaments not expressed in other cells

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19
Q

What are the 6 INTEGRAL RBC proteins?

A

1.BAND 3 2.GLYCOPHORINS 3.Aquaporin 4. Glut 1 5.Na/K pump 6.Ion channels

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20
Q

What is the BICARB/Chloride exchanger on the RBC membrane?

A

BAND 3

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21
Q

What percentage of the overall membrane proteins of a RBC are BAND 3’s?

A

25% of the proteins

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22
Q

_______ also provides physical linkage of the lipid bilayer to the underlying membrane skeleton!

A

BAND 3

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23
Q

What charge do Glycophorins carry? What is their main function? (INTERESTING)

A

Negative Charge…Function to make RBCs less sticky! they bounce off other cells

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24
Q

What type of transport is GLUT 1 for glucose?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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25
Q

What are the 3 MAIN functions of peripheral and cytoskeletion proteins on the RBC?

A
  1. Flexible yet 2.Stable 3.Maintain Biconcave SHAPE
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26
Q

What are the 4 peripheral/cytoskeleton proteins associated with RBCs?

A

1.ANK-Y-RIN (“Anchor”-in) :) 2.Protein 4.1 3. Protein 4.2 (real original names guys) 4. harvey SPECTRIN

27
Q

What is the result of missing RBC proteins like spectrin and ankyrin? HINT: the RBCs are sphere-shaped

A

Hereditary Spher-o-cyto-sis

28
Q

In a blood smear, the sphere-shaped RBCs are abnormally _____ and lack the central pallor.

A

small

29
Q

Abnormally shaped RBCs tend to undergo hemolysis and suffer _________.

A

pre-mature destruction

30
Q

REVIEW: how much of CO2 transportation is on Hemoglobin? What is the hemoglobin called when it binds CO2?

A

approx 30%…Carbaminohemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin

31
Q

REVIEW: how much 02 is dissolved in blood?

A

1.5%

32
Q

Hemoglobin molecules have 4 polypeptide chains that contain ______ groups (-SH) that must be kept in ______ form

A

sulfhydryl….reduced

33
Q

REVIEW: what is the normal adult hemoglobin called again?

A

alpha2beta2

34
Q

REVIEW: at 100mmHg hemoglobin is __-__ % saturated. At 40mmHg hemoglobin is ____% saturated. At 25mmHg hemoglobin is ___% saturated.

A

100mmHg=98-100% saturated…..40mmHg=75% saturated…..25mmHg=50% saturated

35
Q

REVIEW: What is the unique phrase that is the reason behind the SIGMOID shaped binding curve for O2 to hemoglobin?

A

Positive Cooperativity

36
Q

What are the 5 basic processes in the RBC that require energy?

A

1.Membrane Integrety 2.Shape 3.Hb Sulfhydryl Groups in REDUCED form 4.Iron in Ferrous state 5.Ion graditents(Na/K pump)

37
Q

What is the result if the RBC does not have enough energy?

A

SPHERE-O-CYTE shape=death :(

38
Q

What is the main source of RBC energy?

A

GLUCOSE!

39
Q

Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends on exclusively on _______.

A

cytosolic proteins (NO MITOCHONDRIA!)

40
Q

What are the 3 essential products of Glucose metabolism? What process produces each?

A

1.ATP (Glycolysis) 2.NADH (Glycolysis) 3.NADPH(PPP)

41
Q

Why does the RBC need ATP?

A

For maintaining ion gradients (Na/K pumps)

42
Q

Why does the RBC need NADH?

A

To maintain Hb’s iron in the REDUCED (ferrous) state Fe2+.

43
Q

Why does the RBC need NADPH?

A

To maintain GLUTATHIONE in its REDUCED form (RBC structure and Normal Hb)

44
Q

What are the three things we talked about that need to be in reduced form?

A

1.Sulfhydryl groips on Hb 2.Ferrous Iron 3.Glutathioine

45
Q

METABOLISM REVIEW: What is Glutathione essential for in the RBC?

A

Glutathione Peroxidase-detoxifying H2O2 to H20!!

46
Q

REVIEW (if you get this wrong go back to high school) How many molecules of ATP and NADH are produced from glycolysis? What % of glucose metabolism is glycolysis in the RBC?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH…90% (PPP=10%)

47
Q

What is another name for the PPP? WHAT IS THE KEY ENZYME???

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway A.K.A. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt….Key Enzyme:GLUCOSE-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

48
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway is linked to glycolysis through the molecule ________.

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate (G-6-P)

49
Q

If G-6-P is _______, it enters the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

oxidized

50
Q

If G-6-P is ________ to fructose-6-phosphate, it continues through glycolysis.

A

isomerized

51
Q

Review: Dead or deteriorating RBCs are removed from circulation by the _____ and ______. The waste product of RBC degradation is ________.

A

liver….spleen…..BILIRUBIN

52
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

LUQ…Left Upper Quadrant

53
Q

What is often injured in abdominal trauma (car accident to steering wheel)?

A

the Spleen…lots of blood flow to spleen=major internal bleeding

54
Q

What is a possible worst case senario TREATMENT for a ruptured spleen?

A

Splen-ectomy…don’t worry, liver and bone marrow can pick up the slack for filtering RBCs

55
Q

RBCs, like many other cells, _____ in solutions with an osmotic pressure greater than that of normal plasma (_______ solution).

A

shrink…..hypertonic

56
Q

In solutions with a lower osmotic pressure (_______ solution), RBCs ______.

A

hypotonic….swell

57
Q

A 0.9% NaCl solution is ______ with plasma.

A

isotonic

58
Q

The hemoglobin of hemolyzed red cells dissolves in the plasma, coloring it ____.

A

Red

59
Q

Review: What is the HH eq for the blood buffer system again? WHAT IS THE NORMAL HCO3:CO2 ratio!!???

A

pH=pKa + log[HCO3]/[CO2]….20bicarb:1CO2

60
Q

Review: What are the 3 major chemical buffers in the blood?

A

1.Bicarb system 2.Phosphate 3.Protein(NH2=base, COOH=acid)

61
Q

Cold temps _____ the SymNS fibers and causes _______. This ______ heat loss.

A

STIMULATE…..Vasoconstriction…..Reduces heat loss

62
Q

Warm temps ______ the SymNS fibers and causes _______. Warm blood from the body core is _______ to the body surface. Heat is then lost by ______ & ______.

A

INHIBIT….vasodilation….shunted…..radiation & convection

63
Q

What causes the redness and warmth of skin during warm temperatures?

A

the SHUNTING of hot blood to the surface of the body

64
Q

What receptor mediates the smooth muscle of skin and blood vessels in the cold and warm temp processes?

A

alpha-1

Hematology (8 decks)

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