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Episode TRES-Erythrocytes! Flashcards

1
Q

Freaking cool: How many RBCs are produced PER DAY?

A

200 B-B-Bah-Billion!

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2
Q

What are the three types of bone that house RED bone marrow in adults?

A

1.Flat bones (Skull..) 2.Irregular Bones(vertebrae) 3.Long bones (EPIPHYSES of humerus)

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3
Q

Yellow marrow is found in the __________.

A

medullary cavity

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4
Q

In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to _________ to increase blood cell production

A

RED marrow

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5
Q

In the adult, RBCs are synthesized in __________. In the fetus, blood cells are also formed in the _____ and _______ (extramedullary erythropoiesis).

A

red bone marrow…..liver…..spleen

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6
Q

In adults, _______ _________ may occur in diseases in which the bone marrow becomes destroyed or fibrosed.

A

extramedullary erythropoiesis

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7
Q

In children, blood cells are actively produced in the marrow cavities of all the bones. By approx. age ___ , the marrow in the long bones, except for the _____ _______and ______, has become inactive.

A

20…..upper humerus and femur

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8
Q

What are the first two cells that are the genesis of Hematapoiesis? *2 names for each cell…THANKS SCIENCE!

A

Pluripotential/Multipotential Cells—->Progenitor/Colony Forming Units

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9
Q

The ______ _______ _____ are few in number but are capable of replacing the bone marrow when injected into a host whose own bone marrow has been completely destroyed.

A

pluripotential stem cells

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10
Q

What is the most important growth factor for Erythropoiesis?

A

Erythro-Poi-Etin (EPO)

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11
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO), which is released by the ______ (and to a smaller extent, the ____)

A

kidneys…liver

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12
Q

What do RBCs ENTER the circulation as?

A

Reticulocytes!

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13
Q

How long do reticulocytes stay in the marrow or spleen before they fully mature to erythrocytes?

A

A few days :)

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14
Q

BIG:What are the 4 ABSOLUTE ingredients for making normal RBCs???

A

1.Amino Acids 2.Iron (ferrous Fe2+) 3.B9-Folic Acid 4.Vitamin B12

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15
Q

What is the special stain that you need to add if you want to see reticulocytes in a blood smear?

A

Basophilic Stain

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16
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is regulated by a ______ feedback loop, therefore: When oxygen levels are low (_______), EPO levels _____, and RBC production _______ until oxygenation returns to normal.

A

negative….(HYPOXIA)……rise……increases

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17
Q

What is the MOST unique feature of the RBC membrane??

A

only 10-15 MAJOR protein types (normal cells have 100’s or 1000’s!!)

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18
Q

What is unique about the RBC cytoskeleton?

A

Unique protein filaments not expressed in other cells

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19
Q

What are the 6 INTEGRAL RBC proteins?

A

1.BAND 3 2.GLYCOPHORINS 3.Aquaporin 4. Glut 1 5.Na/K pump 6.Ion channels

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20
Q

What is the BICARB/Chloride exchanger on the RBC membrane?

A

BAND 3

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21
Q

What percentage of the overall membrane proteins of a RBC are BAND 3’s?

A

25% of the proteins

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22
Q

_______ also provides physical linkage of the lipid bilayer to the underlying membrane skeleton!

A

BAND 3

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23
Q

What charge do Glycophorins carry? What is their main function? (INTERESTING)

A

Negative Charge…Function to make RBCs less sticky! they bounce off other cells

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24
Q

What type of transport is GLUT 1 for glucose?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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25
What are the 3 MAIN functions of peripheral and cytoskeletion proteins on the RBC?
1. Flexible yet 2.Stable 3.Maintain Biconcave SHAPE
26
What are the 4 peripheral/cytoskeleton proteins associated with RBCs?
1.ANK-Y-RIN ("Anchor"-in) :) 2.Protein 4.1 3. Protein 4.2 (real original names guys) 4. harvey SPECTRIN
27
What is the result of missing RBC proteins like spectrin and ankyrin? HINT: the RBCs are sphere-shaped
Hereditary Spher-o-cyto-sis
28
In a blood smear, the sphere-shaped RBCs are abnormally _____ and lack the central pallor.
small
29
Abnormally shaped RBCs tend to undergo hemolysis and suffer _________.
pre-mature destruction
30
REVIEW: how much of CO2 transportation is on Hemoglobin? What is the hemoglobin called when it binds CO2?
approx 30%...Carbaminohemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin
31
REVIEW: how much 02 is dissolved in blood?
1.5%
32
Hemoglobin molecules have 4 polypeptide chains that contain ______ groups (-SH) that must be kept in ______ form
sulfhydryl....reduced
33
REVIEW: what is the normal adult hemoglobin called again?
alpha2beta2
34
REVIEW: at 100mmHg hemoglobin is __-__ % saturated. At 40mmHg hemoglobin is ____% saturated. At 25mmHg hemoglobin is ___% saturated.
100mmHg=98-100% saturated.....40mmHg=75% saturated.....25mmHg=50% saturated
35
REVIEW: What is the unique phrase that is the reason behind the SIGMOID shaped binding curve for O2 to hemoglobin?
Positive Cooperativity
36
What are the 5 basic processes in the RBC that require energy?
1.Membrane Integrety 2.Shape 3.Hb Sulfhydryl Groups in REDUCED form 4.Iron in Ferrous state 5.Ion graditents(Na/K pump)
37
What is the result if the RBC does not have enough energy?
SPHERE-O-CYTE shape=death :(
38
What is the main source of RBC energy?
GLUCOSE!
39
Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends on exclusively on _______.
cytosolic proteins (NO MITOCHONDRIA!)
40
What are the 3 essential products of Glucose metabolism? What process produces each?
1.ATP (Glycolysis) 2.NADH (Glycolysis) 3.NADPH(PPP)
41
Why does the RBC need ATP?
For maintaining ion gradients (Na/K pumps)
42
Why does the RBC need NADH?
To maintain Hb's iron in the REDUCED (ferrous) state Fe2+.
43
Why does the RBC need NADPH?
To maintain GLUTATHIONE in its REDUCED form (RBC structure and Normal Hb)
44
What are the three things we talked about that need to be in reduced form?
1.Sulfhydryl groips on Hb 2.Ferrous Iron 3.Glutathioine
45
METABOLISM REVIEW: What is Glutathione essential for in the RBC?
Glutathione Peroxidase-detoxifying H2O2 to H20!!
46
REVIEW (if you get this wrong go back to high school) How many molecules of ATP and NADH are produced from glycolysis? What % of glucose metabolism is glycolysis in the RBC?
2 ATP, 2 NADH...90% (PPP=10%)
47
What is another name for the PPP? WHAT IS THE KEY ENZYME???
Pentose Phosphate Pathway A.K.A. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt....Key Enzyme:GLUCOSE-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)
48
The pentose phosphate pathway is linked to glycolysis through the molecule ________.
Glucose-6-Phosphate (G-6-P)
49
If G-6-P is _______, it enters the pentose phosphate pathway.
oxidized
50
If G-6-P is ________ to fructose-6-phosphate, it continues through glycolysis.
isomerized
51
Review: Dead or deteriorating RBCs are removed from circulation by the _____ and ______. The waste product of RBC degradation is ________.
liver....spleen.....BILIRUBIN
52
Where is the spleen located?
LUQ...Left Upper Quadrant
53
What is often injured in abdominal trauma (car accident to steering wheel)?
the Spleen...lots of blood flow to spleen=major internal bleeding
54
What is a possible worst case senario TREATMENT for a ruptured spleen?
Splen-ectomy...don't worry, liver and bone marrow can pick up the slack for filtering RBCs
55
RBCs, like many other cells, _____ in solutions with an osmotic pressure greater than that of normal plasma (_______ solution).
shrink.....hypertonic
56
In solutions with a lower osmotic pressure (_______ solution), RBCs ______.
hypotonic....swell
57
A 0.9% NaCl solution is ______ with plasma.
isotonic
58
The hemoglobin of hemolyzed red cells dissolves in the plasma, coloring it ____.
Red
59
Review: What is the HH eq for the blood buffer system again? WHAT IS THE NORMAL HCO3:CO2 ratio!!???
pH=pKa + log[HCO3]/[CO2]....20bicarb:1CO2
60
Review: What are the 3 major chemical buffers in the blood?
1.Bicarb system 2.Phosphate 3.Protein(NH2=base, COOH=acid)
61
Cold temps _____ the SymNS fibers and causes _______. This ______ heat loss.
STIMULATE.....Vasoconstriction.....Reduces heat loss
62
Warm temps ______ the SymNS fibers and causes _______. Warm blood from the body core is _______ to the body surface. Heat is then lost by ______ & ______.
INHIBIT....vasodilation....shunted.....radiation & convection
63
What causes the redness and warmth of skin during warm temperatures?
the SHUNTING of hot blood to the surface of the body
64
What receptor mediates the smooth muscle of skin and blood vessels in the cold and warm temp processes?
alpha-1

Hematology (8 decks)

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