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Hematology > Episode 3 RBCs, Blood Functions, and the Reticuloendothelial System > Flashcards

Episode 3 RBCs, Blood Functions, and the Reticuloendothelial System Flashcards

1
Q

Where and at what rate are RBCs synthesized?

A

Bone marrow at 200 Billion per day

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2
Q

Where in the fetus are RBCs synthesized?

A

Liver and spleen

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3
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

In the medullary cavity (middle of long bones)

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4
Q

What does a stem cell become once it is committed?

A

Colony-forming unit (CFU) or Lymphocyte Progenitor cell.

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5
Q

What do CFUs go on to become?

A

RBCs, Myeloid WBCs, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes (platelets)

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6
Q

What do Lymphocyte progenitor cells go on to become?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells (all are lymphocytes)

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7
Q

What is the most important growth factor for controlling erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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8
Q

What organ releases EPO?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

What do RBCs enter the circulation as?

A

Reticulocytes (have some residual organelles but no nucleus)

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10
Q

Do RBCs have mitochondria?

A

No. They produce ATP anaerobically only.

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11
Q

Where do reticulocytes remain to mature into RBCs?

A

Bone marrow or spleen

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12
Q

What are the absolute ingredients you need for making normal RBCs?

A

Amino acids, iron, folic acid, and Vit B12 - deficiency in these causes anemia

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13
Q

What is EPO production controlled by?

A

A negative feedback loop - kidneys sense level of oxygen delivery to tissues and decrease EPO production if sufficient

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14
Q

What happens to EPO levels during hypoxia?

A

EPO levels rise and RBC production increases until oxygenation returns to normal

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15
Q

How many major types of protein are found in the lipid bilayer cell membrane of RBCs?

A

10-15

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16
Q

T/F RBC cytopskeleton has unique protein filaments?

A

True

17
Q

What is a Band-3 protein?

A

An integral protein that constitutes about 25% of total membrane protein

18
Q

What anions does the Band-3 exchange across the membrane?

A

Bicarbonate for chloride exchange

19
Q

What are glycophorins?

A

Little combinations of carbs that stick out from some of the integral proteins like Band 3.

20
Q

What do glycophorins do?

A

Reduce interaction of RBCs so they don’t stick together

21
Q

Which GLUT allows for facilitated diffusion of glucose into RBCs?

A

GLUT 1

22
Q

What is the most important function of peripheral and cytoskeleton proteins?

A

Maintain the disc shape of RBCs yet allow for great flexibility for travel thru narrow blood vessels

23
Q

What are four important peripheral proteins of an RBC?

A

Ankyrin, Protein 4.1, Protein 4.2, and Spectrin

24
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Defects in RBC proteins - RBCs become sphere shaped rather than biconcave

25
Q

How long do cells with spherocytosis live?

A

5-7 days

26
Q

What is NADH needed for in the RBC?

A

maintain Hb’s iron in the ferrous (reduced) state (Fe++)

27
Q

What is NADPH needed for in the RBC?

A

Required to maintain reduced glutathione

28
Q

What is reduced glutathione needed for in the the RBC?

A

Needed to maintain shape

29
Q

In the RBC, how much ATP and NADH is generated from each molecule of glucose?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

30
Q

What percentage of glucose is metabolized in the PPP pathway?

A

10% (the 90% is by anaerobic glycolysis)

31
Q

Which enzyme oxidizes Glucose-6-Phosphate, thereby allowing it to enter the PPP?

A

G-6-P Dehydrogenase

32
Q

What does bilirubin leave the body as?

A

Feces, not in urine

33
Q

Which organ is often injured in abdominal trauma?

A

Spleen

34
Q

What percentage of NaCl is isotonic with plasma?

A

0.9% NaCl. Hypertonic solution causes RBCs to shrink, hypotonic to swell and burst leaving “ghosts”

35
Q

What are the three buffer systems in blood?

A

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid, Phosphate, and Protein (Hb, albumin) - all function as buffers by taking on or releasing H+

36
Q

How does blood participate in temperature regulation?

A

Vasoconstrictions reduce flow to surface of skin, thereby reducing heat loss

37
Q

Cold temperatures do what to the SNS fibers?

A

Stimulate them to constrict blood vessels

38
Q

What do warm temperatures do to blood vessels?

A

Dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow to surface of skin to cool down

39
Q

By what receptors on the blood vessels does the SNS control smooth muscle constriction/relaxation

A

Alpha-1

Hematology (6 decks)

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