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Hematology > Episode 2 Common Hematologic Tests > Flashcards

Episode 2 Common Hematologic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What can increase WBC count?

A

Infections, inflammations, cancer, leukemia

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2
Q

What may decrease WBC count?

A

Medications, bone marrow failure, chemotherapy, congenital marrow aplasia

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3
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low WBC count

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4
Q

What is the WBC differential count?

A

% of each of the 5 major types of leukocytes, including immature (band) neutorphils

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5
Q

What would increase RBC count?

A

Fluid loss, diarrhea, dehydration, burns - b/c it is RBCs per volume of blood - if blood volume is down

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6
Q

T/F Both Hemoglobin and Hematocrit mirror RBC count results?

A

True

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7
Q

Hemoglobin is what percentage by mass of each RBC?

A

33% (1/3)

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8
Q

What does the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measure?

A

Average size of RBCs

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9
Q

Macrocytic RBCs can be caused by what kind of deficiency? Microcytic RBCs?

A

Vitamin B12 anemia

Iron deficient anemia

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10
Q

What effect on volume would ;macrocytic RBCs have?

A

Increased volume

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11
Q

What is the name of a condition where the Hb is abnormally diluted inside RBC? Abnormally concentrated Hb in RBCs?

A

Hypochromia.

Hyperchromia

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12
Q

What does Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) calculate?

A

Variation in size of RBCs

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13
Q

What is the difference between Anisocytosis and Poikilocytosis?

A

Anisocytosis is the amount of variation in RBC size.
Poikilocytosis is the variation in shape.
Normal reference range is 11-15%

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14
Q

What is the difference between Thrombocytosis and Thrombocytopenia?

A

Thrombocytosis is a too high platelet count.

Thrombocytopenia is a too LOW platelet count.

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15
Q

Why is thromobocytosis a problem? Thrombocytopenia?

A

Increased risk of forming clots even if you don’t need them. Increased risk for spontaneous bleeding.

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16
Q

What does an increase in Mean Platelet volume (MPV) indicate?

A

New platelets are larger and an increased MPV occurs when increased numbers of platelets are being produced

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17
Q

What is the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) test?

A

A panel of 14 individual blood tests - Na, K, Ca, Cl, CO, Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, Albumin, Total Protein, Total Bilirubin, ALP, AST, ALT

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18
Q

T/F Sodium facilitates the absorption of glucose in the small intestine

A

True

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19
Q

Which two ions from the CMP are needed for the generation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions?

A

Sodium and Potassium

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20
Q

Which three ions from the CMP are needed for muscle contraction?

A

Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium

21
Q

Which two ions from the CMP test are need for acid-base balance

A

Potassium and Chloride

22
Q

Of Calcium, Sodium, Chloride and Potassium, which one facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters?

A

Chloride

23
Q

Which of the four ions from the CMP test are needed for enzyme activation, exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and blood clotting?

A

Calcium

24
Q

Which is the most prevalent cation and anion in blood?

A

Na+ and Cl-

25
Q

T/F Albumin competitively binds calcium ions and maintains pH (acting as a buffer)

A

True

26
Q

Creatinine levels are a reflection of which organ function?

A

Kidney. Creatinine increases when kidneys fail to filter it.. Kidneys are the only way to eliminate creatinine

27
Q

BUN test is often ordered with which blood test?

A

Creatinine when kidney problems are suspected

28
Q

Of ALT, AST, and ALP, which one is most specific to liver function?

A

ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

29
Q

Which enzyme lines the bile ducts?

A

ALP (alkaline phosphotase)

30
Q

What would an increase in ALP indicate?

A

Blocked bile ducts (gall stones).

31
Q

ALT, AST, and ALP are released when what happens to the liver cells?

A

Necrosis of liver cells, can reflect liver damage as these enzymes are released into blood

32
Q

What would the test for total bilirubin indicate?

A

Reflection of how well your body is degrading old RBCs. Too much bilirubin may indicate that you are breaking down RBCs too fast

33
Q

What three tissues are responsible for removing old RBCs and making bilirubin?

A

Liver, spleen, and bone marrow

34
Q

Where does all bilirubin get sent to be processed?

A

Liver

35
Q

What four things does the lipid panel measure?

A

LDL, HDL, TGs, and total Cholesterol

36
Q

Which enzyme is targeted by statins (Lipitor) to prevent block the production of cholesterol?

A

HMG-CoA Reductase

37
Q

Which vitamin can help raise HDL, but has side effects of hot flashes?

A

Niacin (B3)

38
Q

Which is a stronger indication of plaque formation and cardiovascular disease - LDL or TG?

A

LDL.

39
Q

What does hypertriglyceridemia do to the consistency of blood?

A

makes it more viscous

40
Q

What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) used for detecting?

A

Acute and chronic inflammation, including infections, cancers, and autoimmune disease. It is non-specific

41
Q

What would make RBCs settle faster to the bottom of a test tube in the ESR test?

A

During an infection - inflammatory mediators cause RBCs to form stacks called Rouleaux. These stacks settle faster to the bottom of the tube

42
Q

How is the ESR measured?

A

The amount of RBCs settling to the bottom of a tube in mm/hour.

43
Q

What can the ESR be used for after a diagnosis?

A

To check on the disease or see how well treatment is working

44
Q

What inflammatory conditions are often associated with elevated ESR?

A

Temporal arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE,

45
Q

What is A1C indicative of?

A

Average blood glucose levels over the last 3-4 months

46
Q

Where is C-Reactive Protein (CRP) produced?

A

In the liver

47
Q

What does the presence of CRP in blood indicate?

A

CRP is a marker for inflammation, presence indicates a heightened state of inflammation in the body

48
Q

T/F CRP appears to be as predictive of cardiac risk as cholesterol levels

A

T

Hematology (6 decks)

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