Epidemiology of CVDs

Question 1

Describe EPIDEMIOLOGIC SHIFT

Answer 1

Decrease in infectious diseases

Increase in chronic diseases

Question 2

Give reasons of epidemiologic shift

Answer 2

Aging population
More exposure to risk factors
DM rise
More modalities of treatments for infectious diseases

Question 3

Age of degenerative diseases

Answer 3

35-65% total deaths from CVds

Question 4

Age of delayed degenerative disease

Answer 4

50% deaths from CVDs

Question 5

Age of health regression and social upheaval

Answer 5

Reemergence of deaths

Question 6

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

Answer 6

Measure of disease burden

YLL + YLD

Question 7

Give the 3 risk factors for CVDs

Answer 7

Cholesterol over 3.8mmol/L
Tobacco
Systolic BP ovet 115mmHG

Question 8

Modifiable risk factors of CVD

Answer 8

Smoking
Dyslipidimea
Raised BP
DM
Obesity
Nutrition
Thrombogenic facots
Lack of exercise 
Excess alcohol consumption

Question 9

Non-modifiable risk factors of CVD

Answer 9

Personal history of CVD
Family history of CVD
Age
Gender

Question 10

Four major diseases that contributed to 80% of all disease mortality globally

Answer 10

CVD
Cancer
Diabetes
COPD

Question 11

Life expentancy of males vs females

Answer 11

Males - 68.8 yrs

Females - 74.3 yrs

Question 12

Leadins causes of mortality in PH

Answer 12

Diseases of the heart and vascular system

Question 13

National Nutrition Survey

Answer 13

Obesity
Hypertension
Diabetes
Lipid profile
Smoking
Alcohol consumption 
Physical activity

Question 14

Measurements to determine obesity

Answer 14

BMI - gold standard

• Waist-hip ratio
• Waist circumference

*better correlation to CVDs

Question 15

Waist circumference is a measure of what?

Answer 15

Central obesity! :)

Females > Males
Urban > Rural

Question 16

Hypertension (single visit measurements)

Answer 16

M > F

Higher at => 40 yrs

Question 17

Prevalence of hypertension

Answer 17

Low prevalence among professionals and clerks (but aren’t they sedentary?)

High prevalence among laborers

Question 18

Prevalence of hypertension among adults based on previous history of hypertension and taking anti-hypertensive meds

Answer 18

23.9% - same as single measurement

Question 19

Lipid profile of Filipinos

Answer 19

High LDL cholesterol levels (F>M)
47.2%
Bicol

Low HDL cholesterol levels (F>M)
73.1%

Triglyceride levels (M>F)
38.6%

Question 20

Smoking (inc/dec)

Current smokers
Never smokers
Former smokers

Answer 20

Current smokers - decrease
Never smokers - increase
Former smokers - increase

Question 21

Alcohol consumption

Answer 21

M > F

Eastern Visayas

Current drinkers > lifetime abstainers > forner drinkers

Question 22

Physical inactivity

Answer 22

F > M