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Pulm Micro > Epidemiology, Location > Flashcards

Epidemiology, Location Flashcards

1
Q 
Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus)
Epidemiology
A

Most commonly in
newborns and infants
up to 2 years of age and
people >65 yrs old

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2
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Epidemiology

A

Rare in U.S.
endemic in developing
countries w/ low
vaccination coverage

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3
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii

Epidemiology

A

Southeast Asia&tropical
Austrailia

pts w/ COPD, renal
failure, DM, lots of
tobacco/alcohol

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4
Q

Bordetella pertussis

Epidemiology

A

Not as common in developed
countries;
Common in developing
countries w/ no vaccine

outbreak cases in
adolescents w/ waned
immune system

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5
Q

Francisella tularensis

Epidemiology

A

Pneumonic tularemia:
more common in elderly
and in people w/ typhoidal
tularemia

Several routes:
Insect bites (esp. ulceroglandular)
Exposure to sick/dead animals
Rubbing eyes
Airborne (soil-->pneumonic)
Contaminated food/H2O
(undercooked food-->
oropharyngeal tularemia)
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6
Q

Yersina pestis

Epidemiology

A

Rare; regionally restricted

Only contracted where silvatic
(rural, naturalzoonotic) plague exists
(entirely west of Mississippi and
confined to narrow range in West

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7
Q

Brucella spp.

Epidemiology

A

Rare

recent immigrants from
mediterranean area, Mexico, or
those recently visiting these
areas & consuming raw cheese

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8
Q

Coxiella burnetii

Epidemiology

A

Rare

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9
Q

Chlamydia

Epidemiology

A

3-4 million cases of genital tract

infections/yr in U.S.

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10
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

Epidemiology

A

Esp. summer and fall
8000-18,000/year in US but many
not diagnosed/reported

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11
Q

Mycoplasma
M. pneumoniae
Epidemiology

A

most common in first two decades
of life
(common cause of CA pneumonia in
otherwise healthy pts <5yo

ages 5-20yo

disease more severe in males
(though incidence same)
temperate climates
large outbreaks in summer&fall
(causes up to 50% of all pneumonias
in the summer)
epidemics every 4-8 yrs
(esp. in closed populations, i.e.
prisons/miitary)
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12
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Epidemiology

A

Foreign-born individuals

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13
Q

Actinomyces israelii Complex

Epidemiology

A

Rare in U.S.
May occur at any age, but esp.
30-60year olds
Usually men

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14
Q

Histoplasmosis
(Histoplasma capsulatum)
Epidemiology

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi
River valleys
(including Memphis)

up to 80% of residents have been
infected, w/ fewer than 5% symptom

endemic to central America

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15
Q

Blastomycosis
(Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Epidemiology

A

Endemic in Mid-South, SE and Mid-
western parts of US

Systemic blastomycosis:
middle-aged/older men

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16
Q

Coccidioidomycosis
(Coccidioides immitis)
Epidemiology

A

San Joaquin Valley of California

Disseminated infections more 
common in:
men
dark-skinned races
AIDS/immunocompromised pts

endemic to semi-arid climates of
Southwestern US
90% seropositive rate in these areas

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17
Q

Mucormycosis
(Zygomycetes fungi:
Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor Species)
Epidemiology

A

Very rare
Mostly seen in acidosis pts
(i.e. diabetes mellitus) or pts on
corticosteroid treatment

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18
Q

Pneumocystosis
(Pneumocystic jerovici (carinii))
Epidemiology

A

Immunocompromised pts

Most people infected by age 4
(adult infections due to new infection
via different serotype)

19
Q

Influenza viruses

Epidemiology

A

Types A and B cause seasonal
epidemics almost every yr and
pandemic when new&different strain

Winter/ early spring months

Pandemic strains occasionally

Zoonotic infections

20
Q

Rhinoviruses

Epidemiology

A

Year round, but especially in Fall and

Spring

21
Q

Adenovirus

Epidemiology

A

Esp. small children

GI tract infections in young children
(second only to rotavirus in incidence)

Endemic infections in late winter/
early spring (i.e. serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5…
esp in children)

New Military Recruits (ARD)

22
Q

Coronaviruses

Epidemiology

A

common
worldwide

seasonal
(especially children in the winter)

23
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Epidemiology

A

Infants and young children (esp. 2-8mo)
Immunocompromised pts

Strong seasonality w/ RSV,
THE MOST PREDICTABLE EPIDEMIC 
DISEASE IN US
…emerges w/in community, increases
in incidence, then dies down (not as
widespread as influenza)

Peak season in Memphis is mid-fall
through early spring

In adults also common

24
Q 
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
Epidemiology
A

older children & adults –> ARDS
Children–> lower respiratory

Infants and young children!
immunocompromised pts

Most common in late winter & early
spring in US

25
Q

Human Parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (hPIVs)

Epidemiology

A

Infants and young children
immunocompromised pts

hPIV1…largest most defined outbreak
(sharp biennial rise in croup cases in
autumn of odd-numbered yrs)
hPIV2…erratic outbreaks, usually 
follow hPIV1 outbreaks
hPIV3…occur yearly, mainlly in spring
and summer
hPIV4…??
26
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Epidemiology

A

Anyone, even healthy people

Sporadic cases
Especially rural areas

27
Q 
Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus)
Location
A

Commensal microbiota
(asymptomatically colonizing 60%
children and 30% adults)

human nasal cavity (esp. mid-
winter) as early as 6 mo of age

Higher colonization in
Native Americans, Aboriginal,
disadvantaged members of society

28
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii

Location

A 
Commonly isolated from hospital
environment (irrigating/IV solns)
water organism
sputum/respiratory secretions,
wounds, urine
29
Q

Francisella tularensis

Location

A

esp. rural areas

can live for wks in soil, H2O, dead
animals

Worldwide

30
Q

Yersina pestis

Location

A

New Mexico and adjoining States
some Rocky Mountain States to
the north

31
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Location

A

Dry and oily locales

32
Q

Nocardia Asteroides Complex

Location

A

Normal soil microflora

often associated w/ H20

33
Q

Actinomyces israelii Complex

Location

A

Component of oral flora
Periodontal pockets
Dental plaque
Tonsillar crypts

34
Q

Histoplasmosis
(Histoplasma capsulatum)
Location

A

soil enriched by bird/bat excrement

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi
River valleys

Endemic to Central America

35
Q

Blastomycosis
(Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Location

A

Endemic in Mid-South, SE and Mid-

western parts of US

36
Q

Coccidioidomycosis
(Coccidioides immitis)
Location

A

San Joaquin Valley of California

37
Q

Aspergillosis

Location

A

ubiquitous in enviroment…

i.e. hospital air ducts

38
Q

Mucormycosis
(Zygomycetes fungi:
Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor Species)
Location

A

soil and foodstuffs
(more commonly found after
environ. disturbances…i.e. tornado)

39
Q

Influenza viruses

Location

A

Type A: birds, pigs, horses, humans,
aquatic mammals, etc.=reservoir

(respiratory and GI tract of birds)

Type B and C primarily pathogens
of humans

40
Q

Rhinoviruses

Location

A

Nasopharynx (not likely in stomach
or lower respiratory/GI tract b/c
doesn’t like acid or high temps)

41
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Location

A

upper and lower respiratory tract
(Restricted tropism, based on
ability to attach…)

Target= airway epithelial cells
(also sometimes dendritic cells in
lung)

42
Q 
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
Location
A

upper and lower respiratory tract
(Restricted tropism, based on
ability to attach…)

Target= airway epithelial cells

43
Q

Human Parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (hPIVs)

Location

A

upper and lower respiratory tract
(Restricted tropism, based on
ability to attach…)

Target= airway epithelial cells

44
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Location

A 
Depends on where host rat species
lives…
i.e. Sin Nombre virus-deer mouse-->
endemic in Southwest U.S.
Black creek canal virus-->cotton
rat-->Southeastern U.S.

Pulm Micro (9 decks)

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