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BIOSTATISTICS > EPIDEMIOLOGY II > Flashcards

EPIDEMIOLOGY II Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations,

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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2
Q

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE DEFINITION

A
  • POPULATION
  • FREQUENCY
  • HEALTH RELATED CONDITIONS
  • DISTRIBUTION
  • DETERMINANTS
  • APPLICATION OF THE STUDIES TO THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND TO THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HEALTH PROBLEMS.
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3
Q

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  • To make a community diagnosis.
  • To monitor continuously over a period of time the change of health in a community.
  • To practice surveillance for a specific disease in order to be able to act quickly and so cut short any outbreak
  • To investigate an outbreak of a communicable disease, analyse the reasons for it, plan a feasible remedy and carry it out, and monitor the effects of the remedy on the outbreak.
  • To plan effective health services.
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4
Q

is an event, condition, characteristic or a combination of these factors which plays an important role in producing the disease.

A

CAUSE OF DISEASE

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5
Q

these are the factors which are necessary for a disease to occur, in whose absence the disease will not occur.

A

PRIMARY CAUSES

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6
Q

term that can be used instead of primary cause for Infectious causes of diseases.

A

ETIOLOGIC AGENT

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7
Q

these are not the necessary causes of disease but they are important for a disease to occur.

A

RISK FACTORS

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8
Q

the sum total of all the factors (primary causes and risk factors) which contribute to the occurrence of the disease.

A

THE ETIOLOGY OF A DISEASE

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9
Q

depicts the relationship among three key factors in the occurrence of disease or injury

A

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE

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10
Q

a factor whose presence or absence, excess or deficit is necessary for a particular disease or injury to occur.

A

AGENT

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11
Q

a factor whose presence or absence, excess or deficit is necessary for a particular disease or injury to occur.

A

AGENT

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12
Q

includes all external factors, other than the agent, that can influence health.

A

ENVIRONMENT

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13
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

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14
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

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15
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

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16
Q

influences include vectors, humans and plants serving as reservoirs of infection.

A

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

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17
Q

influences include vectors, humans and plants serving as reservoirs of infection.

A

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

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18
Q

progression of disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of intervention.

A

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

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19
Q

FOUR STAGES IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF A DISEASE

A
  1. STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
  2. STAGE OF PRE-SYMPTOMATIC (SUB-CLINICAL) DISEASE
  3. STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE
  4. STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH
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20
Q

in this stage, disease has not yet developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence.

A

STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

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21
Q

in this stage there are no manifestations of the disease but pathologic changes (damages) have started to occur in the body.

A

STAGE OF PRE-SYMPTOMATIC (SUB-CLINICAL) DISEASE

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22
Q

at this stage the person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease.

A

CLINICAL STAGE

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23
Q

In others the disease may result in a residual defect, leaving the person disabled for a short or longer duration. Still, other diseases will end in death.

A

STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH

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24
Q

In others the disease may result in a residual defect, leaving the person disabled for a short or longer duration. Still, other diseases will end in death.

A

STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH

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25
Q

means to interrupt or slow the progression of disease.

A

DISEASE PREVENTION

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26
Q

promoting health, preventing exposure and preventing disease.

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

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27
Q

keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating causes of disease or increasing resistance to disease.

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

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28
Q

consists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body’s ability to resist disease.

A

HEALTH PROMOTION

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29
Q

is the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them.

A

PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE

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30
Q

development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors.

A

PREVENTION OF DISEASE

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31
Q

the objective is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage.

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

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32
Q

the objective is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage.

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

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33
Q

is targeted towards people with permanent damage or disability.

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

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34
Q

is an illness due to a specific infectious agent

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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35
Q

is an illness due to a specific infectious agent

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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36
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS

A
  • AGENTS
  • RESERVOIR
  • PORT OF EXIT
  • MODE OF TRANSMISSION
  • PORT OF ENTRY
  • HUMAN HOST
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37
Q

in the infectious process range from viral particles to complex multi-cellular organisms

A

AGENTS

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38
Q

an organism or habitat, in which an infectious agent normally lives, transforms, develops and/or multiplies

A

RESERVOIR

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39
Q

person who does not have apparent clinical disease, but is a potential source of infection to other people

A

CARRIER

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40
Q

some diseases are transmitted to human beings from animals.

A

ZOONOSES

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41
Q

is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir.

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

42
Q

include the various mechanisms by which agents are conveyed to other susceptible hosts

A

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

43
Q

occurs when there is contact of skin, mucosa, or conjunctiva with infectious agents directly from person or vertebrate animal,

A

DIRECT CONTACT

44
Q

is transmission by projection of saliva droplets during coughing, sneezing, singing, spitting or talking.

A

DIRECT PROJECTION

45
Q

is transmission from mother to fetus through the placenta.

A

TRANSPLACENTAL

46
Q

transmission occurs through indirect contact with inanimate objects fomites: bed sheets, towels, toys, or surgical instruments; as well as through contaminated food, water, IV fluids etc.

A

VEHICLE-BORNE

47
Q

the infectious agent is conveyed by an arthropod to a host.

A

VECTOR-BORNE

48
Q

if the agent is directly infective to other hosts, without having to go through a period of multiplication or development in the vector.

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR

49
Q

if the agent multiplies in the vector before transmission.

A

BIOLOGICAL VECTOR

50
Q

which may occur by dust or droplet nuclei

A

AIRBORNE

51
Q

is the site where an infectious agent enters a susceptible host.

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

52
Q

the human host is the final link in the infectious process.

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HUMAN HOST

53
Q

host resistance at the community (population) level

A

HERD IMMUNITY

54
Q

which is concerned with describing the frequency and distribution of diseases and other health related conditions by time, place, and person.

A

DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

55
Q

deals with the causes or determinants of diseases

A

ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

56
Q

usually expressed on a monthly or annual basis.

A

OCCURRENCE

57
Q

the major type of descriptive study designs. It is mainly concerned with the distribution of diseases with respect to time, place and person.

A

CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

58
Q

quantifies the magnitude of one occurrence or condition to another.

A

RATIO

59
Q

quantifies the magnitude of one occurrence or condition to another.

A

RATIO

60
Q

quantifies occurrences in relation to the populations in which these occurrences take place.

A

PROPORTION

61
Q

most important epidemiological tool used for measuring diseases.

A

RATE

62
Q

rates used to quantify the occurrence of disease. Measures of morbidity include incidence, period prevalence, and point prevalence rates.

A

MORBIDITY RATES

63
Q

defined as the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease.

A

INCIDENCE RATE

64
Q

type of incidence rate which is mainly used during epidemics.

A

ATTACK RATE

65
Q

type of incidence rate which is mainly used during epidemics.

A

ATTACK RATE

66
Q

measures the number of people in a population who have a disease at a given time.

A

PREVALENCE RATE

67
Q

measures the proportion of a population with a certain condition at a given point in time.

A

POINT PREVALENCE RATE

68
Q

measures the proportion of a population with a certain condition at a given point in time.

A

POINT PREVALENCE RATE

69
Q

measure the occurrence of deaths in a population using different ways.

A

MORTALITY RATES AND RATIOS

70
Q

measures the proportion of the population dying every year, or the number of deaths in the community, per 1000 population.

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

71
Q

measures the proportion of the population dying every year, or the number of deaths in the community, per 1000 population.

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

72
Q

represents the probability of death among diagnosed cases or the killing power of a disease.

A

CASE FATALITY RATE

73
Q

represents the probability of death among diagnosed cases or the killing power of a disease.

A

CASE FATALITY RATE

74
Q

reflects the health of the community in which the child is being brought up.

A

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

75
Q

reflects the standards of all aspects of maternal care

A

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE

76
Q

defined as a periodic count or enumeration of a population.

A

CENSUS

77
Q

a system by which all births and deaths occurring nationnwide are registered, reported and compiled centrally.

A

VITAL STATISTICS

78
Q

THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAL STATISTICS ARE:

A

§ COMPREHENSIVE – all births and deaths should be registered.

§ COMPULSORY BY LAW – should be enforced by law.

§ Compiled centrally so that it can serve as a source of information.

§ CONTINUOUS – it should be an ongoing process.

79
Q

major source of health information.

A

HEALTH SERVICE RECORDS

80
Q

studies conducted on a representative sample population to obtain more comprehensive data for monitoring the health status of a population.

A

HEALTH SURVEYS

81
Q

two types of health surveys:

A
  • SURVEYS OF SPECIFIC DISEASES
  • SURVEYS OF GENERAL HEALTH STATUS
82
Q

some diseases are usually present at a predictable level

A

EXPECTED LEVEL

83
Q

presence of a disease at more or less stable level.

A

ENDEMIC

84
Q

persistently high level of disease occurrence.

A

HYPER ENDEMIC

85
Q

occasional or irregular occurrence of a disease

A

SPORADIC

86
Q

occurrence of disease or other health related condition in excess of the usual frequency in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time.

A

EPIDEMIC

87
Q

epidemics of shorter duration covering a more limited area.

A

OUTBREAK

88
Q

an epidemic involving several countries or continents affecting a large number of people.

A

PANDEMIC

89
Q

disease occurs as a result of exposure of a group of susceptible persons to a common source of a pathogen, often at the same time or within a brief time period.

A

COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMICS

90
Q

the resulting cases develop within one incubation period of the disease

A

POINT SOURCE EPIDEMIC

91
Q

if the exposure to a common source continues over time it will result in a ____________

A

CONTINUOUS COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMIC

92
Q

the infectious agent is transferred from one host to another.

A

PROPAGATED/ PROGRESSIVE EPIDEMICS

93
Q

begins with a single, common source of an infectious agent with subsequent propagated spread.

A

MIXED EPIDEMIC

94
Q

an important tool for the investigation of disease outbreaks. the distribution of cases is plotted over time, usually in the form of histogram

A

EPIDEMIC CURVE

95
Q

a map of locality where the outbreak has occurred, on which the location of cases is plotted.

A

SPOT MAP

96
Q

the tool that is important for the analysis of disease outbreaks by personal characteristics

A

PERSON SPECIFIC ATTACK RATES

97
Q

defined as the continuous (ongoing) scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of diseases and other health related events through a systematic collection of data.

A

SURVEILLANCE

98
Q

may be defined as a mechanism for routine surveillance based on passive case detection and on the routine recording and reporting system.

A

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

99
Q

defined as a method of data collection usually on a specific disease, for relatively limited period of time.

A

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

100
Q

It involves collection of data from communities such as in house-to-house surveys or mobilizing communities to some central point where data can be collected.

A

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

101
Q

In this strategy several activities from the different vertical programs are coordinated and streamlined in order to make best use of scarce resources.

A

INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

BIOSTATISTICS (8 decks)

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