Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOSTATISTICS > EPIDEMIOLOGY II > Flashcards

EPIDEMIOLOGY II Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations,

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE DEFINITION

A
  • POPULATION
  • FREQUENCY
  • HEALTH RELATED CONDITIONS
  • DISTRIBUTION
  • DETERMINANTS
  • APPLICATION OF THE STUDIES TO THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND TO THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HEALTH PROBLEMS.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  • To make a community diagnosis.
  • To monitor continuously over a period of time the change of health in a community.
  • To practice surveillance for a specific disease in order to be able to act quickly and so cut short any outbreak
  • To investigate an outbreak of a communicable disease, analyse the reasons for it, plan a feasible remedy and carry it out, and monitor the effects of the remedy on the outbreak.
  • To plan effective health services.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is an event, condition, characteristic or a combination of these factors which plays an important role in producing the disease.

A

CAUSE OF DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

these are the factors which are necessary for a disease to occur, in whose absence the disease will not occur.

A

PRIMARY CAUSES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

term that can be used instead of primary cause for Infectious causes of diseases.

A

ETIOLOGIC AGENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

these are not the necessary causes of disease but they are important for a disease to occur.

A

RISK FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the sum total of all the factors (primary causes and risk factors) which contribute to the occurrence of the disease.

A

THE ETIOLOGY OF A DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

depicts the relationship among three key factors in the occurrence of disease or injury

A

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a factor whose presence or absence, excess or deficit is necessary for a particular disease or injury to occur.

A

AGENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a factor whose presence or absence, excess or deficit is necessary for a particular disease or injury to occur.

A

AGENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

includes all external factors, other than the agent, that can influence health.

A

ENVIRONMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

encompasses a broad range of factors, including education, unemployment, culture regarding diet;

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

influences include vectors, humans and plants serving as reservoirs of infection.

A

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

influences include vectors, humans and plants serving as reservoirs of infection.

A

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

progression of disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of intervention.

A

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FOUR STAGES IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF A DISEASE

A
  1. STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
  2. STAGE OF PRE-SYMPTOMATIC (SUB-CLINICAL) DISEASE
  3. STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE
  4. STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in this stage, disease has not yet developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence.

A

STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in this stage there are no manifestations of the disease but pathologic changes (damages) have started to occur in the body.

A

STAGE OF PRE-SYMPTOMATIC (SUB-CLINICAL) DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

at this stage the person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease.

A

CLINICAL STAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In others the disease may result in a residual defect, leaving the person disabled for a short or longer duration. Still, other diseases will end in death.

A

STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In others the disease may result in a residual defect, leaving the person disabled for a short or longer duration. Still, other diseases will end in death.

A

STAGE OF DISABILITY OR DEATH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
means to interrupt or slow the progression of disease.
DISEASE PREVENTION
26
promoting health, preventing exposure and preventing disease.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
27
keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating causes of disease or increasing resistance to disease.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
28
consists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body's ability to resist disease.
HEALTH PROMOTION
29
is the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them.
PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE
30
development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors.
PREVENTION OF DISEASE
31
the objective is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
32
the objective is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
33
is targeted towards people with permanent damage or disability.
TERTIARY PREVENTION
34
is an illness due to a specific infectious agent
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
35
is an illness due to a specific infectious agent
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
36
COMPONENTS OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS
- AGENTS - RESERVOIR - PORT OF EXIT - MODE OF TRANSMISSION - PORT OF ENTRY - HUMAN HOST
37
in the infectious process range from viral particles to complex multi-cellular organisms
AGENTS
38
an organism or habitat, in which an infectious agent normally lives, transforms, develops and/or multiplies
RESERVOIR
39
person who does not have apparent clinical disease, but is a potential source of infection to other people
CARRIER
40
some diseases are transmitted to human beings from animals.
ZOONOSES
41
is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir.
PORTAL OF EXIT
42
include the various mechanisms by which agents are conveyed to other susceptible hosts
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
43
occurs when there is contact of skin, mucosa, or conjunctiva with infectious agents directly from person or vertebrate animal,
DIRECT CONTACT
44
is transmission by projection of saliva droplets during coughing, sneezing, singing, spitting or talking.
DIRECT PROJECTION
45
is transmission from mother to fetus through the placenta.
TRANSPLACENTAL
46
transmission occurs through indirect contact with inanimate objects fomites: bed sheets, towels, toys, or surgical instruments; as well as through contaminated food, water, IV fluids etc.
VEHICLE-BORNE
47
the infectious agent is conveyed by an arthropod to a host.
VECTOR-BORNE
48
if the agent is directly infective to other hosts, without having to go through a period of multiplication or development in the vector.
MECHANICAL VECTOR
49
if the agent multiplies in the vector before transmission.
BIOLOGICAL VECTOR
50
which may occur by dust or droplet nuclei
AIRBORNE
51
is the site where an infectious agent enters a susceptible host.
PORTAL OF ENTRY
52
the human host is the final link in the infectious process.
SUSCEPTIBLE HUMAN HOST
53
host resistance at the community (population) level
HERD IMMUNITY
54
which is concerned with describing the frequency and distribution of diseases and other health related conditions by time, place, and person.
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
55
deals with the causes or determinants of diseases
ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
56
usually expressed on a monthly or annual basis.
OCCURRENCE
57
the major type of descriptive study designs. It is mainly concerned with the distribution of diseases with respect to time, place and person.
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
58
quantifies the magnitude of one occurrence or condition to another.
RATIO
59
quantifies the magnitude of one occurrence or condition to another.
RATIO
60
quantifies occurrences in relation to the populations in which these occurrences take place.
PROPORTION
61
most important epidemiological tool used for measuring diseases.
RATE
62
rates used to quantify the occurrence of disease. Measures of morbidity include incidence, period prevalence, and point prevalence rates.
MORBIDITY RATES
63
defined as the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease.
INCIDENCE RATE
64
type of incidence rate which is mainly used during epidemics.
ATTACK RATE
65
type of incidence rate which is mainly used during epidemics.
ATTACK RATE
66
measures the number of people in a population who have a disease at a given time.
PREVALENCE RATE
67
measures the proportion of a population with a certain condition at a given point in time.
POINT PREVALENCE RATE
68
measures the proportion of a population with a certain condition at a given point in time.
POINT PREVALENCE RATE
69
measure the occurrence of deaths in a population using different ways.
MORTALITY RATES AND RATIOS
70
measures the proportion of the population dying every year, or the number of deaths in the community, per 1000 population.
CRUDE DEATH RATE
71
measures the proportion of the population dying every year, or the number of deaths in the community, per 1000 population.
CRUDE DEATH RATE
72
represents the probability of death among diagnosed cases or the killing power of a disease.
CASE FATALITY RATE
73
represents the probability of death among diagnosed cases or the killing power of a disease.
CASE FATALITY RATE
74
reflects the health of the community in which the child is being brought up.
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
75
reflects the standards of all aspects of maternal care
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
76
defined as a periodic count or enumeration of a population.
CENSUS
77
a system by which all births and deaths occurring nationnwide are registered, reported and compiled centrally.
VITAL STATISTICS
78
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAL STATISTICS ARE:
§ COMPREHENSIVE – all births and deaths should be registered. § COMPULSORY BY LAW – should be enforced by law. § Compiled centrally so that it can serve as a source of information. § CONTINUOUS – it should be an ongoing process.
79
major source of health information.
HEALTH SERVICE RECORDS
80
studies conducted on a representative sample population to obtain more comprehensive data for monitoring the health status of a population.
HEALTH SURVEYS
81
two types of health surveys:
- SURVEYS OF SPECIFIC DISEASES - SURVEYS OF GENERAL HEALTH STATUS
82
some diseases are usually present at a predictable level
EXPECTED LEVEL
83
presence of a disease at more or less stable level.
ENDEMIC
84
persistently high level of disease occurrence.
HYPER ENDEMIC
85
occasional or irregular occurrence of a disease
SPORADIC
86
occurrence of disease or other health related condition in excess of the usual frequency in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time.
EPIDEMIC
87
epidemics of shorter duration covering a more limited area.
OUTBREAK
88
an epidemic involving several countries or continents affecting a large number of people.
PANDEMIC
89
disease occurs as a result of exposure of a group of susceptible persons to a common source of a pathogen, often at the same time or within a brief time period.
COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMICS
90
the resulting cases develop within one incubation period of the disease
POINT SOURCE EPIDEMIC
91
if the exposure to a common source continues over time it will result in a ____________
CONTINUOUS COMMON SOURCE EPIDEMIC
92
the infectious agent is transferred from one host to another.
PROPAGATED/ PROGRESSIVE EPIDEMICS
93
begins with a single, common source of an infectious agent with subsequent propagated spread.
MIXED EPIDEMIC
94
an important tool for the investigation of disease outbreaks. the distribution of cases is plotted over time, usually in the form of histogram
EPIDEMIC CURVE
95
a map of locality where the outbreak has occurred, on which the location of cases is plotted.
SPOT MAP
96
the tool that is important for the analysis of disease outbreaks by personal characteristics
PERSON SPECIFIC ATTACK RATES
97
defined as the continuous (ongoing) scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of diseases and other health related events through a systematic collection of data.
SURVEILLANCE
98
may be defined as a mechanism for routine surveillance based on passive case detection and on the routine recording and reporting system.
PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE
99
defined as a method of data collection usually on a specific disease, for relatively limited period of time.
ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
100
It involves collection of data from communities such as in house-to-house surveys or mobilizing communities to some central point where data can be collected.
ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
101
In this strategy several activities from the different vertical programs are coordinated and streamlined in order to make best use of scarce resources.
INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

BIOSTATISTICS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions