Epidemiology/Ethics

Question 1

Hazard Ratio

Answer 1

Ratio of an event rate occurring in Tx group vs. non-tx group. HR <1 = tx group had lower event rate and HR >1 = tx group had higher event rate

Question 2

Selection Bias

Answer 2

Nonrandom assignment of subjects to study groups

Question 3

Factorial design studies

Answer 3

randomization to different interventions with addition study of 2 or more variables

Question 4

Risk in the exposed population that can be attributed to the risk factor

Answer 4

Attributable risk factor = (RR-1)/RR

Question 5

bias that results when the exposure-disease relationship is mixed with the effects of extraneous factors

Answer 5

confounding bias

Question 6

Difference between case control and retrospective cohort study

Answer 6

Case control: determine outcome first then look for associated risk factor
Cohort: first ascertain risk factor exposure then determine the outcome

Question 7

NNT

Answer 7

1/ARR

Question 8

What types of gifts are acceptable

Answer 8

nonmonetary gifts of minimal value that directly benefit patient (educational materials, drug samples)

Question 9

Study comparing the means of two groups

Answer 9

two sample t test

Question 10

Study comparing 3 or more means

Answer 10

ANOVA

Question 11

Study analyzing categorical data and proportions

Answer 11

Chi-square

Question 12

AR

Answer 12

number of events in treated or controlled group divided by number of people in that group

Question 13

ARR

Answer 13

ARC (AR of events in control) - ART (number of events in tx)

Question 14

National practitioner data bank

Answer 14

restricting the ability of physicians to move from state to state without disclosure or discovery of previous medical malpractice payments and adverse action histories

Question 15

The Joint Commission

Answer 15

operates accreditation programs to subscriber hospitals and other healthcare organizations. A hospital that meets Joint Commission accreditation is deemed to meet the Medicare Conditions of Participation

Question 16

Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank

Answer 16

combat fraud and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery

Question 17

Open label trial

Answer 17

randomized-controlled trial (RCT) in which both the patients and those conducting the study know in which treatment arm the patients are enrolled

Question 18

cross sectional study

Answer 18

purely observational studies that look at a single point in time. These studies can be used for determining disease prevalence.

Question 19

Attrition bias

Answer 19

a type of selection bias when study subjects are lost to follow up

Question 20

Hawthorne effect

Answer 20

tendency of the study population to affect the outcome because they know they are being studied

Question 21

latency period

Answer 21

certain diseases must have a significant amount of time pass before exposure to a risk modifier has a clinically evident effect

Question 22

doctrine of double effect

Answer 22

ethical for a physician to provide palliative therapy to relieve pain and suffering even if such treatment may hasten a patient’s death, provided that the intent is to relieve suffering and the medications administered are titrated for that purpose

Question 23

lung cancer screening

Answer 23

low dose CT in 55-80 year olds who have a ≥ 30 pack-year smoking history and who currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years