Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RADT 210 Pelvis Module > Epidemiology and Aetiological - Cervical cancer > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Aetiological - Cervical cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How common is cervical cancer in women?

A

4th most common cancer type in women worldwide - 12/13th most common in UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many new cases each year?

A

> 500,000 new cases each year with 75% in the developing world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the percentage of women dying from cervical cancer that have never had screening?

A

60-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the percentage of women dying from cervical cancer that have poor access to prevention, screening and treatment?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many cases of carcinoma in-situ diagnosed in 2016?

A

Approx 26,500 cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many cases of invasive cancer in 2016 UK? How many were considered to be preventable?

A

3,200 cases, 99.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What age is cervical cancer the most common cancer in UK?

A

<35 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In what age group are 52% of new tumours are diagnosed?

A

<45 year olds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much have incidence rates decreased since the 1990s?

A

24%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In 2017, how many deaths occurred?

A

850

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much lower are the death rates compared to the early 1970’s?

A

72% lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much are mortality rates expected to fall by 2035?

A

7% - however an expected increase in incidence of 43% over the same period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Without the national screening programme how many possible deaths per year?

A

6,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cost per life saved estimated at?

A

£36,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How common is cervical cancer in European women?

A

16th most common cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many new European cases and deaths in 2018?

A

Approx 61,000 cases & 26,000 deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In which country are the highest incidence rates?

A

Romania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which country has the lowest incidence rates?

A

Switzerland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many people worldwide were diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2018?

A

570,000

20
Q

Where are incidence rates highest worldwide?

A

South Africa

21
Q

Where are incidence rates lowest worldwide?

A

Western Africa

22
Q

What is the highest risk factor?

A

Infection with HPV

23
Q

How many cases are HPV 16 & 18?

A

70%

24
Q

What do almost all cervical cancers contain

A

HPV DNA

25
Q

Does most HPV progress to CIN?

A

No

26
Q

Risk factors increasing likelihood of progression include what?

A

HPV genotype
Early age at first intercourse
Long duration of most recent sexual relationship
Cigarette smoking

27
Q

What other risk factors are there?

A

Infection with HIV and infection with other STDs
Smoking linked to SCC
Contraceptive pill
Number of children
Age at first pregnancy
Family history
Previous cancer
Living in a deprived area

28
Q

What percentage are squamous cell carcinomas and where do they originate from?

A

85% originating from the transformation zone

29
Q

What percentage are adenocarcinomas?

A

5-10%

30
Q

A small proportion are rare tumours, what are these?

A

Sarcomas, mixed adenosquamous and adenocanthomas

31
Q

Where is the transformation zone located?

A

Squamocolumnar junction where vagina and cervix meet

32
Q

What happens in the transformation zone?

A

Many invasive carcinomas arise from a progressive range of pre-malignant epithelial changes starting at the squamocolumnar junction where the vagina and cervix meet

33
Q

What is dyskaryosis?

A

Abnormal nucleus

34
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth of cells/tissues

35
Q

What percentage of in-situ tumours will develop into invasive cancer?

A

30-40%

36
Q

CIN I is what in thickness?

A

1/3rd thickness

37
Q

CIN II is what in thickness?

A

2/3rd thickness

38
Q

CIN III is what in thickness?

A

Full thickness (Ca in situ)

39
Q

Symptoms of invasive cancer include what?

A

Vaginal bleeding (80%)
Unusual discharge
Dyspareunia - pain during sex
Abdo or lower back pain
Infiltration and destruction of structures
Haematuria
Diarrhoea
Tenesmus
Fistula
Compression of ureters
Renal failure with urgemia

40
Q

What investigations occur?

A

Medical history
Palpation
Visual inspection of the cervix
Coloposcopy
Endocervical scraping
Cone biopsy
Chest x-ray
CT, MRI or PET scan

41
Q

What are exophytic lesions?

A

Growth of tumour outwards

42
Q

What are infiltrative lesions?

A

Cancer spread beyond layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues

43
Q

How do exophytic lesions appear?

A

Bulky and polypoidal

44
Q

How do infiltrative lesions appear?

A

Infiltrative lesions may be less visible as abnormal growth is directed inward, in a larger lesion the cervix and upper vagina may be replaced by malignant ulcer

45
Q

What staging is used for gynaecologist tumours?

A

FIGO (The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1974) - unusual to see TNM

RADT 210 Pelvis Module (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions