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RADT 210 Pelvis Module > Epidemiology, Aetiology, Signs & Symptoms - Prostate Cancer > Flashcards

Epidemiology, Aetiology, Signs & Symptoms - Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Who can develop prostate cancer?

A

Biological males and transgender males

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2
Q

What age group is PC strongly linked to?

A

75-79 years old (increase up from age 50)

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3
Q

How common is prostate cancer in men?

A

Most common cancer in menin the UK (2nd most common worldwide)

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4
Q

Since early 1990s how much have incidence rates increased by?

A

48% - PSA tests brought in – more testing = more cases discovered

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5
Q

How many men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime? (UK)

A

1 in 6

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6
Q

Why does population number decrease over a certain age?

A

Men die of other causes

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7
Q

How many new cases per year?

A

52,254 new cases/year (CRUK 2016-2018) 143/day

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8
Q

What ethnicity is prostate cancer most likely in?

A

Most common in Black males (120.8 - 247.9/100,000) (Present 5 years earlier than other ethnicities e.g. age 45, it is also more aggressive with a higher mortality)

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9
Q

Which ethnicity has the lowest prostate cancer rates?

A

Lowest incidence in Asian males (28.7 - 60.6/100,000) (Have higher rates for other cancers e.g. stomach cancers)

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10
Q

How do rates vary by geographical location?

A

Rates vary by geographical location:
Highest in Northern Europe
Lowest in South-Eastern and Central Asia
2nd most common cancer in males worldwide in 2020
May be due to testing facilities

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11
Q

How many deaths per year?

A

12,039 deaths/year (2017-2019)

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12
Q

What is the survival rate - 1 year or more?

A

> 9 out of 10 men survive the disease 1 year or more

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13
Q

What is the survival rate - 5 years or more?

A

Almost 9 in 10 men survive the disease 5 years or more

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14
Q

How much have survival rates increased in the last 40 years?

A

Tripled - may be due to PSA testing (e.g. diagnosing earlier, treating earlier, less metastases)

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15
Q

Stage 1 or 2 survival rate - 5 years or more?

A

Almost 100% of men diagnosed with Stage 1 or Stage 2 prostate cancer survive 5 years or more

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16
Q

Late stage cancer survival rate - 5 years or more?

A

49% of men (1 in 2) survive5 years or more

17
Q

10 years or more survival rate?

A

78%

18
Q

Risk factors? (7)

A

Age
Ethnicity
Family history
Obesity
Hormones
Diet
Occupational exposures

19
Q

Percentage of prostate cancer arsing from inherited factors?

A

5-9%

20
Q

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if father has/had prostate cancer?

A

2.1-2.4 times higher

21
Q

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if brother has/had prostate cancer?

A

2.9-3.3 times higher

22
Q

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if second-degree relative has/had prostate cancer? e.g. uncle, grandfather, nephew

A

1.9 times higher

23
Q

How much higher is the risk for men with BRCA2 mutation?

A

Prostate cancer risk is 5x higherfor men with BRCA2mutation (7x higher for men less than 75

24
Q

Is there an association between BRCA1 mutation and prostate cancer?

A

There is a lack of evidence

25
Q

What is the increased risk percentage of men who’s mother has/had breast cancer?

A

19-24% increased risk

26
Q

What is Lynch syndrome?

A

Genetic mutations in different genes that control cell cycle

27
Q

How much of an increased risk do men with Lynch syndrome have?

A

2.1-4.9x higher

28
Q

How much higher is prostate cancer in European men with metabolic syndromes linked to obesity? e.g. diabetes, blood pressure

A

30% higher

29
Q

What is the link between a higher BMI and prostate cancer?

A

Research shows a link between higher BMI (overweight/obese) and more advancedprostate cancer

30
Q

What is the percentage increase risk of dying from cancer with every 5kg/m2 increase in BMI?

A

15-20%

31
Q

What diets are linked to an increase risk of prostate cancer?

A

Diets high in calcium and phosphorus (found in dairy products)
Red meat - ‘probable/limited’ evidence

32
Q

Which hormones increase the risk of developing prostate cancer?

A

Men with higher levels of IGF-1 (Insulin growth factor 1 - linked to cell cycle and cell death) and ‘free’ testosterone

33
Q

What is the increased risk percentage with high exposure (Malathion)?

A

33%

34
Q

What other materials increase the risk of prostate cancer?

A

Arsenic, Cadium, Rubber, Gamma radiation, working night shifts

35
Q

Signs & symptoms?

A

Feeling of not fully emptying
Difficulty passing urine/hesitancy
Nocturia
Urgent or frequent urination
Blood in urine or semen
Decreased force of urination

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of metastatic prostate cancer?

A

Bone pain (spine, hips)
Perineal pain
Cachexia (extreme weight loss/muscle wasting)
Loss of bladder control - MSCC

RADT 210 Pelvis Module (7 decks)

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