EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

study of distribution and determinants of diseases;

BACKBONE OF DISEASE PREVENTION

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

components of epidemiology

Answer 2

Population
Distribution
Factors (Risk and Protective)

Question 3

Father of Modern Epidemiology

Answer 3

John Snow

Question 4

Role of Environment on health and disease

Answer 4

Hippocrates

Question 5

First to employ quantitative methods in describing populatio

Answer 5

John Graunt

Question 6

Cholera

Answer 6

John Snow

Question 7

Vaccine for smallpox

Answer 7

Edward Jenner

Question 8

Association between smoking and lung cancer

Answer 8

Doll and Peto

Question 9

Epidemiologic concept of disease; >1 factor to cause disease

Answer 9

Mulitiple Causation

Question 10

Components of Epidemiologic Triangle

Answer 10

Host
environment
Agent

Question 11

epidemiologic concept stating that the effectsnever depend on a single isolated cause but rather each link is the result of a complex genealogy of antecedents

Answer 11

Web of causation

Question 12

Environment is the fulcrum and either agent or host factors tip the balance to cause disease

Answer 12

Lever or Balance

Question 13

The wheel

Answer 13

Man is at the center with its genetic makeup

surrounded by biological, social and environmental factors

Question 14

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms that are not normally present within the body

Answer 14

infection

Question 15

presence of FOREIGN MATERIAL that adulterates or renders a material impure

Answer 15

Contaminantion

Question 16

Development ON the body of a pathogenic agent

Answer 16

infestation

Question 17

Transmission of infection by direct contact, droplet spread or contaminated fomites

Answer 17

Contagion

Question 18

Types of epidemiological approaches

Answer 18

Descriptive - determinants and distribution of disease

Analytical - tests hypothesis

Interventional/Experimetal- new clinical trials

Evaluational - measures effectivenesss of different health services and programs

Question 19

Types of epidemiologic studies

Answer 19

OBSERVATIONAL

1. Descriptive
2. Analytic

EXPERIMENTAL

1. RCT
2. Field Trial
3. Community Trial

Question 20

Both descriptive and analytical study

Answer 20

Cross sectional study

Question 21

type of study - describes distribution of cases by the variables of person, place and time to study and explain acute outbreaks of diseases; follow trends of diseases

GENERATE HYPOTHESIS

Answer 21

Descriptive Study

Question 22

Concerned with determining causes of disease occurence

TESTS HYPOTHESIS

Answer 22

Analytical

Question 23

increase in the number of cases more or less regularly every around 5 years due to accumulation of susceptible births

Answer 23

CYCLIC INTRINSIC VARIABILITY

Question 24

fluctuation of disease occurence during a year reflecting climactic changes

Answer 24

seasonal variation

Question 25

long term fluctuation of disease occurence over many decades

Answer 25

secular trend

Question 26

endemic vs hyperendemic

Answer 26

endemic- constant presence or USUAL prevalence of disease in a given area

hyperendemic - constant presence of VERY HIGH incidene of disease or infection

Question 27

aka prevalence survey (snapshot in time)

Answer 27

cross sectional

Question 28

study design for an interesting case; what does it hightlight

Answer 28

case report;

unawareness

Question 29

study design for objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a group of clinical subjects with similar diagnosis

Answer 29

case series;

highlights SIMILARITIES

Question 30

inferential statistic of case control

Answer 30

odds ratio

Question 31

advantages of case control

Answer 31

for rare diseases and diseases with long latent periods

Question 32

how is a case control study done

Answer 32

case (disease) control (without disease)
disease -> exposure
retrospective

Question 33

inferential statistic for cohort studies

Answer 33

relative risk